Chapter 6 · 2018-10-15 · HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning? Stage 1: Before Conditioning: In this stage, the unconditioned

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1

Chapter 6 LEARNING Section 1: Classical Conditioning Section 2: Operant Conditioning Section 3: Cognitive Factors in Learning Section 4: The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn


Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?

Section 1: Classical Conditioning

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?   Stage 1: Before Conditioning:   In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned

response (UCR) in an organism. In basic terms this means that a stimulus in the environment has produced a behavior / response which is unlearned (i.e. unconditioned) and therefore is a natural response which has not been taught. In this respect no new behavior has been learned yet.

  For example, a stomach virus (UCS) would produce a response of nausea (UCR). In another example a perfume (UCS) could create a response of happiness or desire (UCR).

  This stage also involves another stimulus which has no affect on a person and is called the neutral stimulus (NS). The NS could be a person, object, place etc. The neutral stimulus in classical conditioning does not produce a response until it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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  Stage 2: During Conditioning:   During this stage a stimulus which produces no response (i.e. neutral) is associated

with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS).

  For example a stomach virus (UCS) might be associated with eating a certain food such as chocolate (CS). Also perfume (UCS) might be associated with a specific person (CS).

  Often during this stage the UCS must be associated with the CS on a number of occasions, or trials, for learning to take place. However, one trail learning can happen on certain occasions when it is not necessary for an association to be strengthened over time (such as being sick after food poisoning or drinking too much alcohol).

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  Stage 3: After Conditioning:   Now the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been associated with the

unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to create a new conditioned response (CR).   For example a person (CS) who has been associated with nice perfume

(UCS) is now found attractive (CR). Also chocolate (CS) which was eaten before a person was sick with a virus (UCS) is now produces a response of nausea (CR).

 

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IMPORTANT TERMS

Terms that are important in understanding classical conditioning:  Unconditioned stimulus (US) – a stimulus that

causes a response that is automatic, not learned  Unconditioned response (UR) – the response

that is automatic, not learned




 Conditioned Response (CR) – a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless

 Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a previously neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response


IMPORTANT TERMS (continued)


Question: How are the principles of operant conditioning applied?

Section 2: Operant Conditioning


Question: How are the principles of operant conditioning applied?

 Programmed Learning – assumes that any task can be broken down into small steps that can be shaped individually and combined to form the more complicated whole

 Classroom discipline – using principles of learning to change classroom behavior

Section 2: Operant Conditioning

APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING (continued)


Question: What are the cognitive factors in learning?

COGNITIVE FACTORS IN LEARNING  Latent learning – learning that remains hidden

until it is needed  Observational learning – acquiring knowledge

and skills by observing and imitating others

Section 3: Cognitive Factors in Learning


Question: What are the steps of the PQ4R method of learning?

STEPS OF THE PQ4R METHOD OF LEARNING   PREVIEW – getting a general picture of what is covered before

reading a chapter   QUESTION – something in particular that we want to learn,

learning is made easier when we have goals in mind, when there is something in particular we want to learn.

  READ – reading the material with the purpose of finding answers to the questions you have generated.

  REFLECT – an important way to understand and remember the material read, as you read think of examples or create mental images of the subject matter.

Section 4: The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn


Question: What are the steps of the PQ4R method of learning?

  STEPS OF THE PQ4R METHOD OF LEARNING   RECITE: the topics or sing (ex. Alphabet) quiz self and recite

answers to questions you generated.   REVIEW material daily cramming is not a good learning

technique.

Section 4: The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn

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Chapter 6 · 2018-10-15 · HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning? Stage 1: Before Conditioning: In this stage, the unconditioned