Chapter 5Chapter 5 Results: Analysis of Mitochondrial DNAshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27693/11... · A Genomic Study on the Sub–Structured Chaudhari Tribe of Southern

Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5Chapter 5 Results: Analysis of Mitochondrial Results: Analysis of Mitochondrial Results: Analysis of Mitochondrial Results: Analysis of Mitochondrial

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Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Markers

A Genomic Study on the Sub–Structured Chaudhari Tribe of Southern Gujarat 121

ANALYSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

5.1. Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Hypervariable Regions (HVRs)

The human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular, double-stranded molecule,

16,569 base pairs (bp) in length. mtDNA consists predominantly of coding DNA,

barring a ~1100 bp long DNA stretch that has mainly regulatory functions and therefore

termed as control region. The mutation rate of mtDNA is several orders of magnitude

higher than that of nuclear genes. However, in the two hypervariable regions HVR-I

and HVR-II (each ~400bp) of the non coding control region, the rate are even higher,

making them efficient tool for searching mtDNA variation. This property of mtDNA,

along with other features such as high copy number, maternal inheritance and lack of

recombination, make mtDNA useful for studies of human evolution, migrations,

population histories and affinities.

It is assumed that all mtDNA types in the human gene pool can ultimately be traced

back to a common matrilineal ancestor that lived approximately 200,000 years ago in

Africa (Mishmar et al., 2003; Macaulay et al., 2005; Behar et al., 2008). mtDNA

sequence variations thus, evolved as a result of the sequential accumulation of

mutations along maternally inherited lineages, which can be represented in a tree,

reflecting the phylogenetic relationships of known mtDNA variants. The commonly

referred mtDNA phylogenetic tree employed to identify the diverse mtDNA lineages

(also known as haplogroups) is Phylotree (latest version 15, maintained and updated by

van Oven and Kayser, 2008) which represents a comprehensive phylogeny of global

human mtDNA variation, based on both coding- and control region mutations.

In the present chapter results obtained from the laboratory and statistical analysis of

HVR I and HVR II regions of mtDNA among the four Chaudhari populations have

been given. The first section deals with the findings from the four study populations and

the second section deals with the comparative analysis with other population groups.

5



5.2. Findings from the Four Chaudhari Populations

5.2.1. Haplogroup Distribution Patterns

A total of 193 samples were analyzed for variation in HVR I within nucleotide position

(np) 15904 to np 16544 and HVR II within np 70 to 300 np of mtDNA. The

differentiation of samples in haplogrous M or N was done by screening coding region

mutations at 10398 and 10400 np. The samples bearing G substitution in place of A at

position 10398 and having T mutation in place of C at position 10400 were classified

under haplogroup M while others were classified under N haplogroup (Phylotree v15,

van Oven and Kayser, 2008). The haplotypic motifs observed in each Chaudhari sample

has been given in Appendix XV. These motifs were used to classify samples to different

haplogroups.

Figures 5.1 to 5.3 display the sequencing results of mtDNA coding region (15F) and

control region (HVR I and HVR II).

The results for the various variable sites within HVR I and II were recorded in the same

manner and used to identify mtDNA lineages.

A Genomic Study on the Sub–Structured Chaudhari Tribe of Southern Gujarat

Figure 5.1. Sequencing result showing C>T mutation at nucleotide position 10400 characteristic of haplogroup M


Tribe of Southern Gujarat



123




Figure 5.2. Sequencing result showing mutation in Hypervariable region I of mtDNA



Figure 5.3. Sequencing result showing mutation in Hypervariable region II of mtDNA



Overall 69.000% of individuals from the studied populations were found to belong to

haplogroup M lineages. Haplogroup N lineages accounted for 23.000% of the total

haplogroup distribution. 15 out of 193 samples could not be classified into any

haplogroup on the basis of the examined mtDNA segments (Appendix XV). However,

these samples were retained for other genetic analyses. The frequency distribution of

the haplogroups is presented in Figure 5.4. The frequency distribution of putative M

and N lineages, assigned on the basis of control region and coding region’s haplotypic

in motifs in 178 samples have been given in Table 5.1. From the Table , it is evident

that lineage M3 constituted the most frequent haplogroup (11.00%). Its highest

frequency was observed in Pavagadhi Chaudhari (16.00%) and minimum frequency

in Mota Chaudhari (6.00%). Apart from M3, lineages M2 (inclusive of M2a and M2b,

10.00%) and M57 (8.00%) were found to be the other frequent lineages. Although

some of haplogroups had overall low frequency levels, they displayed significant

frequency levels in individual populations such as M35 in Valvi Chaudhari (13.00%),

M39 and M5 in Mota Chaudhari (13.00% each) and M30 in Pavagadhi Chaudhari

(11.00%). Among N lineages, only U7 lineage was observed in relatively higher

frequency (7.00%). Its highest frequency was observed in Nana Chaudhari (11.00%)

whereas it was found to be absent in Valvi Chaudhari. Figures 5.5 and 5.6 present the

distribution of the diverse lineages belonging to M and N haplogroups among the four

Chaudhari subgroups. From the figures, it was evident that most of the haplogroups

were shared between different Chaudhari subgroups. However, there were a number

of haplogroups, which were exclusively noticed among one particular Chaudhari

subtribe. Valvi Chaudhari had the highest number of private haplogroups not shared

by any other Chaudhari subgroups. Whereas, Pavagadhi Chaudhari had less number

of diverse M and N lineages, occurring in low frequencies, compared to other study

groups.



Table 5.1. mtDNA haplogroup frequencies among the Chaudhari subgroups

Populationa VC NC MC PC Total

Haplogroup M

Sub

haplogroups

Count

(n)

Frequencyb Count

Frequency Count

Frequency Count Frequency Count Frequency

D4m2 3 0.06 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.02

M10a1 2 0.04 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01

M18'38 1 0.02 1 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01

M25 0 0.00 1 0.02 4 0.08 0 0.00 5 0.03

M2a 6 0.13 0 0.00 3 0.06 0 0.00 9 0.05

M2b 0 0.00 2 0.04 1 0.02 6 0.16 9 0.05

M3 6 0.13 4 0.09 3 0.06 6 0.16 19 0.11

M30 1 0.02 4 0.09 3 0.06 4 0.11 12 0.07

M33a2 0 0.00 1 0.02 2 0.04 0 0.00 3 0.02

M35 6 0.13 1 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 7 0.04

M37 3 0.06 3 0.07 3 0.06 1 0.03 10 0.06

M38c 1 0.02 4 0.09 1 0.02 2 0.05 8 0.04

M39 3 0.06 2 0.04 6 0.13 1 0.03 12 0.07

M4 0 0.00 1 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01

M40a 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.02 0 0.00 1 0.01

M5 0 0.00 4 0.09 6 0.13 1 0.03 11 0.06

M57 4 0.09 4 0.09 3 0.06 3 0.08 14 0.08

M61 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.04 0 0.00 2 0.01

M66 1 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01

M9a'b 0 0.00 1 0.02 0 0.00 2 0.05 3 0.02

Total (M) 37 0.78 33 0.73 38 0.78 26 0.71 134 0.76

Haplogroup N

Population VC NC MC PC Total

Sub

haplogroups

Count

(n)

Frequency Count Frequency Count Frequency Count Frequency Count Frequency

A4a1 3 0.06 1 0.02 0 0.00 1 0.03 5 0.03

H1a3c 1 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01

J1 1 0.02 0 0.00 1 0.02 0 0.00 2 0.01

JT 1 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01

N1a'd'e'I 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.02 0 0.00 1 0.01

R30b1 0 0.00 1 0.02 0 0.00 1 0.03 2 0.01

R5a2 2 0.04 2 0.04 0 0.00 3 0.08 7 0.04

U1a'c 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.01

U2 0 0.00 2 0.04 2 0.04 0 0.00 4 0.02

U4 1 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 0.01

U5 0 0.00 1 0.02 1 0.02 0 0.00 2 0.01

U7 0 0.00 5 0.11 5 0.10 2 0.05 12 0.07

U9a 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.05 2 0.01

W 1 0.02 1 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 0.01

Total (N) 10 0.22 13 0.27 10 0.22 11 0.29 44 0.24

Total: T (M+N) 47 1.00 46 1.00 48 1.00 37 1.00 178 1.00

a VC: Valvi Chaudhari; NC: Nana Chaudhari; MC: Mota Chaudhari: PC: Pavagadhi Chaudhari bn/T

A Genomic Study on the Sub–Structured Chaudhari

Figure 5.4. Percentage distribution of major mtDNA

Chaudhari subgroups

VC: Valvi Chaudhari; NC: Nana Chaudhari; MC: Mota Chaudhari; PC: Pavagadhi Chaudhari

Figure 5.5. Frequency distribution

N

23%

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Ha

plo

gro

up

Fre

qu

en

cy


Structured Chaudhari Tribe of Southern Gujarat

ercentage distribution of major mtDNA haplogroups (M and N)

groups

; MC: Mota Chaudhari; PC: Pavagadhi Chaudhari

requency distribution of diverse M lineages among the Chaudhari

M

69%

ND

8%

Haplogroup M Lineages

VC NC MC PC


128

(M and N) among the

udhari subgroups

A Genomic Study on the Sub

VC: Valvi Chaudhari; NC: Nana Chaudhari; MC: Mota Chaudhari; PC: Pavagadhi Chaudhari

Figure 5.6. Frequency distribution of di

5.2.2. mtDNA Diversity

Using the HVR I and HVR

of mismatch, nucleotide diversity, raggedness statistic value

Tajima’s D value, of all the studied population groups were calculated and are given in

Table 5.2. In total, 114 polymorphic sites

Haplotypes diversity (h

ranging from 0.967 in Pavagadhi Chaudhari to

number of pairwise difference

DNA sequences in each

Mota Chaudhari to 9.14

similar in the four groups

of the groups.

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12H

ap

log

rou

p F

req

ue

ncy


A Genomic Study on the Sub–Structured Chaudhari Tribe of Southern Gujarat

; NC: Nana Chaudhari; MC: Mota Chaudhari; PC: Pavagadhi Chaudhari

requency distribution of diverse N lineages among the Chaudhari

Diversity and Populations’ Demographic Histories based on HVR I

HVR II sequence data, number of polymorphic site

match, nucleotide diversity, raggedness statistic value, Fu’s Fs statistic value,

of all the studied population groups were calculated and are given in

114 polymorphic sites were identified in pooled Chaudhari samples

h) was found to be high and similar in the studied populations,

ranging from 0.967 in Pavagadhi Chaudhari to 0.988 in Valvi Chaudhari

pairwise differences, also called as mean number of mismatches

DNA sequences in each Chaudhari subgroup were found to be ranging from 8.02

to 9.141 in Valvi Chaudhari. Nucleotide diversity (

similar in the four groups varying between 0.009 in Mota Chaudhari

Haplogroup N lineages

VC NC MC PC


129

Chaudhari subgroups

based on HVR I, II

umber of polymorphic site, mean number

, Fu’s Fs statistic value,

of all the studied population groups were calculated and are given in

in pooled Chaudhari samples.

lar in the studied populations,

in Valvi Chaudhari. The mean

also called as mean number of mismatches (k) in the

found to be ranging from 8.022 in

(π) was also almost

Chaudhari to 0.010 in the rest



Table 5.2. Descriptive statistics based on HVR I and HVR II among the Chaudhari subgroups

Population

group

Number of

sequences

(Na)

Number of

polymorphic

sites

(Nb)

Number of

haplotypes

(Nc)

Haplotype (gene)

diversity ±S.D

(h)

Nucleotide

diversity ±S.D

(π)

Mean number

of mismatches

(k)

Raggedness

(r)

Fu’s Fs

statistic

(Fs)

Tajima’s

D

(D)

Valvi

Chaudhari 50 67 31 0.988±0.008 0.010±0.0006 9.141 0.009 -11.553* -1.422*

Nana

Chaudhari 52 83 39 0.986±0.007 0.010±0.0006 8.813 0.008 -23.949* -1.849*

Mota

Chaudhari 50 64 37 0.985±0.007 0.009±0.0006 8.022 0.012 -23.170* -1.564*

Pavagadhi

Chaudhari 41 61 25 0.967±0.013 0.010±0.0007 9.058 0.094 -6.516 -1.381

Total 193 114 95 0.982±0.002 0.010±0.0003 8.826 0.0039 -83.071* -1.764*

*Statistically significant at p<0.05



Figures 5.7 (a-d) depict the mismatch distribution patterns and respective genealogies

for the studied population groups. The shape of the distribution curves and length of the

branches in genealogy has been used to infer the population history. The mismatch

distribution plots appeared to be unimodal in all the groups except Pavagadhi

Chaudhari. Apart from Pavagadhi Chaudhari, all other Chaudhari subgroups’s

mismatch distribution plots showed a high frequency of low pairwise mismatches. The

mismatch distribution curves were observed to be smooth as revealed by the small

values of the raggedness index (r<0.03) barring Pavagadhi Chaudhari. The plots also

displayed good fit between the expected and observed mismatch distributions in all the

groups except Pavagadhi Chaudhari. Thus, the smooth, unimodal mismatch in case of

Valvi, Nana and Mota Chaudhari, indicated a period of rapid population growth for

them whereas, the ragged, multimodal mismatch distribution of Pavagadhi Chaudhari,

suggested Pavagadhi Chaudhari as a population whose size has been constant over a

long period.

The respective Neighbor-Joining trees also depicted longer external than internal

branches, a hallmark for population growth in all Chaudhari subgroups other than

Pavagadhi Chaudhari. Similarly, the significantly large negative values of Fu’s Fs

statistics, and the significant negative values of Tajima’s D for Valvi, Nana and Mota

Chaudhari clearly indicated that there were significant population expansions in the

studied population groups. On the other hand, relatively small negative values of Fu’s

Fs and statistically nonsignificant Tajima’s D value supported the constant population

size for Pavagadhi Chaudhari.

Figures 5.8 (a-b) display the median joining tree constructed separately for HVR I and

II regions among the Chaudhari Subgroups. The figure showed considerable sharing of

haplotypes, possibly suggesting the possibility of their common maternal gene pool.

The star like topology of the tree, an indicator of population expansion also

corroborated the other evidence of rapid population growth for the majority of

Chaudhari subgroups.



(a) Valvi Chaudhari

Fre

qu

en

cy



(b) Nana Chaudhari

Fre

qu

en

cy



(c) Mota Chaudhari

Fre

qu

en

cy



(d) Pavagadhi Chaudhari

Figure 5.7. Observed (dashed line) and expected (solid line) mismatch distribution curves

and respective Neighbor-Joining trees showing population expansion patterns

based on mtDNA HVR I and HVR II data among the Chaudhari subgroups

Fre

qu

en

cy

A Genomic Study on the Sub–Structured Chaudhari

(a) HVR I

(b) HVR II

Figure 5.8. Median-Joining tree

Valvi Chaudhari; Nana Chaudhari; Mota Chaudhari;


Structured Chaudhari Tribe of Southern Gujarat

ree of the studied populations based on mtDNA HVR

Valvi Chaudhari; Nana Chaudhari; Mota Chaudhari; Pavagadhi Chaudhari


136

of the studied populations based on mtDNA HVR I and II

Pavagadhi Chaudhari



5.2.3. Genetic Differentiation among Populations

The preceding analysis indicated the possibility of underlying uniformity between the

four Chaudhari subgroups. However, to assess the extent of similarity or differentiation

within the Chaudhari subgroups following analyses were performed.

5.2.3.1. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA)

AMOVA showed the existence of 1.19% of variation among Chaudhari subgroups

while the large percentage of variation (98.91%) was attributable to variation within

populations. Thus, the results indicated the existence of less differentiation among

populations. The results have been presented with other AMOVA results in Table 5.6 at

the end of the chapter.

5.2.3.2. Exact Test

Table 5.3 (above the diagonal) presents an Exact Test of population differentiation

based on haplogroup frequencies (Raymond and Rousset, 1995) with significance

estimation using Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure (100,000 iterations). From the

analysis, it was found that both Valvi Chaudhari and Pavagadhi Chaudhari differ

significantly with each other and with Mota and Nana Chaudhari subgroups. Whereas,

the latter two showed nonsignificant difference with each other.

Table 5.3. Non-differentiation Exact p values to test population differentiation (above the

diagonal) and Slatkin’s linearized FST distance (below the diagonal) based on

mtDNA sequence polymorphisms among the Chaudhari subgroups

Valvi

Chaudhari

Nana

Chaudhari

Mota

Chaudhari

Pavagadhi

Chaudhari

Valvi Chaudhari 0 0.00064±0.0000 0.00000±0.0000 0.00000±0.0000

Nana Chaudhari 0.0108* 0 0.66916±0.0032 0.01549±0.0032

Mota Chaudhari 0.0152* 0.0000 0 0.00249±0.0008

Pavagadhi Chaudhari 0.0237* 0.0117* 0.0156* 0

*FST (p<0.05)

5.2.3.3. Genetic Distance and Neighbor Joining Tree

Table 5.3 (below the diagonal) demonstrated the Slatkin’s linearized FST values

between the pairs of Chaudhari subpopulations. The Neighbor-Joining Tree (Figure 5.9)



based on the genetic distance (Slatkin’s linearized FST values) revealed that the

population groups Nana Chaudhari and Mota Chaudhari formed a cluster, supporting

the genetic affinity between them as compared to Valvi and Pavagadhi Chaudhari.

Figure 5.9. Neighbor-Joining tree of the studied population groups based on the genetic

distances of Slatkin’s linearized FST values obtained from HVR I and II data

5.3. Comparison of Study Populations with Other Population Groups

The following section presents the results obtained from the comparative analysis of

study groups, with other Indian populations to understand their genetic affinities and

relationships. First of all, analysis was undertaken among the nine Indo-European

speaking tribes of Gujarat, including the Chaudhari subgroups, in order to decipher the

genetic affinities between them. For this comparison mtDNA sequence data from five

other Indo-European speaking tribes namely, Dhodia, Dubla, Konkana, Vasava and

Gamit from Gujarat, was compiled from the unpublished work by Kshatriya et al.

Second, comparison was based on the mtDNA haplogroup frequencies data between

Indo-European speaking groups of Gujarat and other populations of India to understand

the genetic affinities of Indo-European speaking tribes of Gujarat with other Indian

populations for which the data was compiled from other published works.

5.3.1. Dataset 1: Genetic Relation between Neighbouring Indo-European (IE)

Speaking Tribal Populations of Gujarat

The first analysis was conducted among nine Indo-European speaking tribes of Gujarat

including the Chaudhari subgroups. The analysis was based on the mtDNA HVR I and

HVR II sequence polymorphisms. Sequence data corresponding to nucleotide positions

70-299 (HVR II) and 15904-16520 (HVR I) were analyzed from 447 individuals from

the nine IE speaking tribes of Gujarat.



Table 5.4. Descriptive statistics based on HVR I and HVR II among the nine Indo-European speaking tribes of Gujarat

Population

group

Number

of

sequences

(Na)

Number of

polymorphic

sites

(Nb)

Number of

haplotypes

(Nc)

Haplotype (gene)

diversity ±S.D

(h)

Nucleotide

diversity

±S.D

(π)

Mean

number of

mismatches

(k)

Raggedness

(r)

Fu’s Fs

statistic

(Fs)

Tajima’s

D

(D)

Reference

Valvi

Chaudhari 50 67 31 0.988±0.008 0.010±0.0006 9.141 0.009 -11.553* -1.422* Present Study

Nana

Chaudhari 52 83 39 0.986±0.007 0.010± 0.0006 8.813 0.008 -23.949* -1.849* Present Study

Mota

Chaudhari 50 64 37 0.985±0.007 0.009±0.0006 8.022 0.012 -23.170* -1.564* Present Study

Pavagadhi

Chaudhari 41 61 25 0.967±0.013 0.010±0.0007 9.058 0.094 -6.516 -1.381 Present Study

Dhodia 74 105 57 0.987±0.006 0.011±0.0004 9.416 0.005 -46.851* -1.929* Kshatriya et al.,

(unpublished data)

Dubla 64 71 42 0.975±0.009 0.010±0.0004 8.657 0.015 -23.413* -1.525* Kshatriya et al.,

(unpublished data)

Gamit 34 67 33 0.998±0.008 0.010±0.0008 8.904 0.009 -25.512* -1.720* Kshatriya et al.,

(unpublished data)

Vasava 47 68 35 0.986±0.008 0.010±0.0007 8.540 0.005 -19.877* -1.659* Kshatriya et al.,

(unpublished data)

Konkana 37 80 31 0.988±0.0001 0.012±0.0007 10.063 0.009 -16.714* -1.794* Kshatriya et al.,

(unpublished data)

Total 449 184 225 0.995±0.001 0.011±0.0002 9.111 0.004 -436.925* -2.076*

*Statistically significant at p<0.05



5.3.1.1. mtDNA Diversity and Populations’ Demographic Histories

The diversity indices and other demographic parameters among the nine Indo-European

speaking groups of Gujarat have been given in Table 5.4. Overall, haplotype diversity

was found to be similar among the tribes of Gujarat, ranging from 0.967 in Pavagadhi

Chaudhari to 0.998 in Gamit. The nucleotide diversity also showed the similar values

~0.01 in all the groups. Mean pairwise difference values were found to be varying from

8.022 in Mota Chaudhari to10.063 in Konkana.

The mismatch distribution of the tribes of Gujarat as a single unit has been presented

in Figure 5.10. The distribution was observed to be unimodal. As mentioned earlier,

unimodal distributions are interpreted as signs of demographic expansion while

multimodal distributions are interpreted as signs of constant population size over time,

thus, the observed distributions supported the possibility of population expansion. In

parallel, the raggedness index (r) was found to be considerably lower than 0.030,

which again is an indicator of population expansion. The significant lower and

negative values of Fu’s Fs and Tajima’s D also supported demographic expansion in

these populations.

Figure 5.10. Observed (dashed line) and expected (solid line) mismatch distribution curves

showing population expansion patterns based on mtDNA HVR I and HVR II

data of combined nine Indo-European speaking tribes of Gujarat

Fre

qu

en

cy



Thus, the overall high gene diversity, nucleotide diversity along with significant,

negative Fu’s Fs and Tajima’s D values as well as a low raggedness index and

mismatch distribution supported similar pattern of demographic history for the Indo-

European speaking tribes of Gujarat.

5.3.1.2. Genetic Differentiation among Populations

5.3.1.2.1. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA)

The AMOVA, employed to investigate the genetic structure of the tribes of Gujarat,

showed considerably lower percentage of variance among the populations (1.60%) and

the large percentage of variance within populations (98.40%) indicating uniformity of

their maternal gene pool. The results have been presented with other AMOVA results in

Table 5.6 at the end of the chapter.

5.3.1.2.2. GST and NST Analysis

The pairwise genetic differentiation estimates, computed on the basis of haplotype data

(GST) and nucleotide data (NST) are given in Table 5.5. Mota Chaudhari showed no

differences with Nana Chaudhari (GST and NST=0%) and Gamit (NST= 0%). The highest

differentiation was observed between Dubla and Pavagadhi Chaudhari (GST=1.41% and

NST=5.97%). Overall, the level of differentiation was not found to be high (GST=0.013

and NST=0.024) among the tribes of Gujarat.



Table 5.5. Pairwise estimate of genetic differentiation based on mtDNA HVR I and II sequence data (GST: below the diagonal and NST: above

the diagonal) among the Indo-European speaking tribes of Gujarat

Dubla Dhodia Gamit Konkana Vasava Mota

Chaudhari

Nana

Chaudhari

Pavagadhi

Chaudhari

Valvi

Chaudhari

Average

NST

Dubla 0 0.053 0.008 0.030 0.026 0.016 0.030 0.060 0.035

0.024

Dhodia 0.009 0 0.045 0.027 0.041 0.045 0.041 0.055 0.053

Gamit 0.008 0.005 0 0.008 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.028 0.011

Konkana 0.009 0.005 0.004 0 0.016 0.013 0.004 0.019 0.010

Vasava 0.007 0.006 0.004 0.006 0 0.009 0.008 0.030 0.026

Mota Chaudhari 0.007 0.007 0.004 0.006 0.005 0 0.000 0.026 0.008

Nana Chaudhari 0.010 0.007 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.000 0 0.007 0.014

Pavagadhi Chaudhari 0.014 0.011 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.008 0.006 0 0.025

Valvi Chaudhari 0.010 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.005 0.012 0

Average GST 0.013



5.3.2. Dataset 2: Genetic Affinities of Indo-European (IE) Speaking Tribal

Populations of Gujarat

Dataset 2 included the mtDNA haplogroup frequencies data among different population

groups of India. The frequencies of six major haplogroups considered for the analysis

were compiled and have been given in Appendix XVI. The data set was used for the

analysis of molecular variance and for multidimensional scaling analysis (Given in

chapter 7).

5.3.2.1. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA)

The AMOVA was carried out between different combinations of populations, grouped

on the basis of language and ethnicity. Numbers of populations considered in different

categories were different, depending on the availability of data. Table 5.6 presents the

results of AMOVA analysis. The highest among group variance was observed between

the four linguistic families (3.66%) whereas, the same was observed to be considerably

low on the basis of ethnicity (0.09%), implying the major role of language over

ethnicity in determining the clustering of Indian maternal gene pools. Hence, the further

categories were formed keeping in view the significant role of language. On comparing

Indo-European (IE) speaking populations with the Dravidian (DR) speaking groups,

among group variance was observed to be low (0.66%). Further comparison of the IE

speaking tribes of Gujarat with IE and DR speaking population of India showed least

among group variance between tribes of Gujarat and DR speaking groups of India

(0.08%) as compared to variance with IE speaking groups of India (1.62%). In all

comparisons, within population component of variance was found to explain the major

component of variance. All the comparison values were found to be highly significant.

The table also presents results of AMOVA from previous sections.



Table 5.6. Extent of genetic differentiation estimated by AMOVA among the Indo-

European speaking tribes of Gujarat and other Indian populations on the

basis of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies

Category

Among groups

variance

(In %)b

Among

population within

groups variance

(In %)b

Within population

variance

(In %)b

Chaudhari Subgroups as one group 1.19 98.81

IE speaking tribes of Gujarat as one

group 1.60 98.40

4 Linguistic groups of Indiaa 3.66 5.10 91.24

Castes and Tribal groups of India 0.09 7.44 92.48

IE and DR linguistic groups of India 0.66 5.12 94.21

IE speaking tribes of Gujarat and DR

speaking groups of India 0.08 4.42 95.50

IE speaking tribes of Gujarat and IE

speaking groups of India 1.62 3.13 95.25

a IE:Indo–European; DR:Dravidian; AA:Austro–Asiatic; TB:Tibeto–Burman

b All the values are significant, p < 0.05

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Chapter 5Chapter 5 Results: Analysis of Mitochondrial DNAshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/27693/11... · A Genomic Study on the Sub–Structured Chaudhari Tribe of Southern