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CHAPTER. 13. Prisons and Jails. Early Punishments. Were often cruel and torturous: Generally fit the doctrine of lex talionis : Law of retaliation “An eye for an eye”. Early Punishments. Early forms of punishment included: Flogging Mutilation Branding - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 1
Prisons and Jails
CH
AP
TER
13
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 2
Early Punishments
Were often cruel and torturous: Generally fit the doctrine of lex talionis:
Law of retaliation “An eye for an eye”
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 3
Early Punishments
Early forms of punishment included:
Flogging Mutilation Branding Public humiliation Workhouses Exile
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 4
The Emergence of Prisons
It is unknown when the first prison was established. Punitive imprisonment noted in Europe in the Middle Ages. American prisons began in the late 1700s. Early confinement facilities stressed reformation over punishment.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 5
Stages of Prison Development in the United States
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 6
The Penitentiary Era
1790--1825
Philadelphia Penitentiary (Walnut Street Jail) begun by Quakers for humane treatment of offenders.
Rehabilitation through penance (solitary confinement and Bible study).
Known as the “Pennsylvania System.”
Supporter: Ben Franklin
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 7
The Mass Prison Era
1825--1876
Auburn Prison (New York) featured group workshops and silence enforced by whipping and hard labor.
This Auburn system was the primary competitor to the Pennsylvania system.
Contamination-Could negatively influence one another.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 8
The Reformatory Era
1876--1890
The reformatory style was based on the use of the indeterminate sentence. Elmira Reformatory attempted reform rather than punishment. Used a system of graded stages Gave way to the system of “parole.” Ultimately considered a failure, since recidivism was still a problem.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 9
The Industrial Era1890--1935
Prisoners used for cheap labor in the era of the industrial prison. Six systems of inmate labor: contract system, piece-price system, lease system, public account system, state-use system, and public works system. Labor unions complained that they could not compete. The passage of the Hawes-Cooper Act and Ashurst- Sumners Act limited inmate labor. State-use philosophy. Federal Prison Industries.
Website: WVCI
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 10
The Punitive Era
1935--1945
Characterized by belief that prisoners owed a debt to society.
Custody and institutional security the central values.
Few innovations.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 11
The Treatment Era
1945--1967
Medical model suggested inmates were sick and needed treatment. Most treatments include individual or group therapy. Other forms of therapy include:
• Behavior therapy• Chemotherapy• Neurosurgery• Sensory deprivation• Aversion therapy
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 12
The Community-Based Era
1967--1980
Based on premise that rehabilitation cannot occur in isolation from the real world. Prisons considered dehumanizing. Led to innovations in the use of volunteers and the extension of inmate privileges. Programs include:
• Half-way houses• Work-release• Study-release
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 13
The Warehousing Era
1980--1995
Public and judicial disapproval of release programs and recidivism led to longer sentences with fewer releases. Nothing works doctrine Warehousing of serious offenders designed to protect society. Prison overcrowding became widespread. Greater emphasis on incarcerating non-violent drug offenders.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 14
The Just Deserts Era
1995--present
Based on the justice model. Emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment. Imprisonment is a proper consequence of criminal and irresponsible behavior. Chain gangs, “three-strikes,” and reduced parole.
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State Prison Systems
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 16
Prisons Today: Numbers and Types of Prisons
Approximately 1,325 state prisons 84 federal prisonsOn January 1, 2007, state and federal prisons held 1,570,861 inmates. Seven percent of those imprisoned were women.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 17
Prisons Today: Facility Size
The size of prisons vary. One out of every four prisons is a large, maximum-security prison house almost 1,000 inmates. The typical state prison is small. It costs about $62 a day per inmate. In 2003, it cost almost $67 billion to run the nation’s prisons and related programs.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 18
Prisons Today: Typical System
1 high security 1 or more medium security 1 for adult women 1 or 2 for young adults 1 or two specialized mental hospital- type security prisons 1 or more open-type institutions
Website: WV DOC
The typical state prison system has:
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 19
Overcrowded Prisons
Prison capacity—The size of the correctional population an institution can effectively hold. There are three types of prison capacity:
Rated Operational Design
Rhodes v. Chapman (1981)—Overcrowding is not by itself cruel and unusual punishment.
Overcrowding is a serious issue.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 20
Selective Incapacitation
Selective incapacitation: Is a strategy to reduce prison population. Seeks to identify the most dangerous offenders and remove them from society. Is reflected by career offender statutes.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 21
There are three security levels:1. Maximum2. Medium3. Minimum
The typical American prison is mediumor minimum custody.
Security Levels in State Prison Systems
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 22
Most maximum security institutions tend to be massive old buildings with a large inmatepopulation, including all death row inmates.
They provide a high level of security with: High fences/walls of concrete Several barriers between living area Secure cells Armed guards Gun towers
Maximum Security
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 23
Medium security prisons are similar in designto maximum security facilities; however, they:
Usually have more windows. Tend to have barbed wire fences instead of
large stone walls. Sometimes use dormitory style housing.
Medium Security
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 24
Medium security prisons allow prisoners morefreedom, such as:
Associating with other prisoners Going to the prison yard or exercise room Visiting the library Showering and using bathroom facilities with less supervision
An important security tool is the count. The process of counting inmates during the course of a day. Times are random, and all business stops until the count is verified.
Medium Security
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 25
In minimum security prisons: Housing tends to be dormitory style. Prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility. Work is done under general supervision only. Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist. Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked. “Counts” are usually not taken. Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes.
Minimum Security
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 26
Classification systems determine which custody levelto assign an inmate to. Assignments are based on:
Offense history Assessed dangerousness Perceived risk of escape Other factors
Inmates may move among the security levelsdepending on their behavior.
Internal classification systems determine placementand program assignment within an institution.
Prison Classification System
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 27
The Flow of Activities in Prison Classification Systems
Source: Adapted from Patricia L. Handyman et al. Internal Prison Classification Systems Case Studies in Their Development and Implementation (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections, 2002) p. 3
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The FederalPrison System
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 29
Federal Prison System
1895—Leavenworth, Kansas—First non- military federal prison opens.
1906—Second federal prison opens in Atlanta.
1927—Alderson, West Virginia—First federal prison for women.
1933—Springfield, Missouri—Medical Center for federal prisoners.
1934—Alcatraz begins operations.
History
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 30
Today’s federal prison system consists of: 103 institutions 6 regional offices The Central office (headquarters) 2 staff training centers 28 community corrections offices
At the start of 2006, the Federal Bureau of Prisons employed more than 35,000 people.
Website: Federal BOP
Today’s Federal Prison System
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 31
The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)classifies its institutions according to fivesecurity levels.
1. Administrative maximum (ADMAX)2. High security (U.S. penitentiaries)3. Medium security (federal correctional institutions)4. Low security (federal correctional institutions)5. Minimum security (federal prison camps)
Additionally, there are administrative facilities,like metropolitan detention centers (MDCs) andmedical centers for federal prisoners (MDFPs).
Federal Prison System
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 32
Federal Prison System: Administrative Facilities
The federal prison system’s administrative facilities are institutions with special missions.
Metropolitan Detention Centers (MDCs)
Generally located in large cities, close to federal courthouses Hold inmates awaiting trial (like jails)
Medical Centers for Federal Prisoners (MCFP)
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 33
Federal correctional facilities exist either assingle institutions or as federal correctionalcomplexes (FCCs)—sites consisting of more thanone type of correctional institution.
Example: FCC at Allenwood, PA. (consists of one U.S. penitentiary and two federal correctional institutions (one low and one medium security).
Federal Correctional Complexes
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 34
Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)
In 1995, the federal government opened its one and only ADMAX prison:
Ultra-high security 575 bed capacity Inmates confined to cells 23 hours per day Inmates cannot associate with one another Only toughest 1% of federal prison population is confined there Holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists murderers, escape artists, etc.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 35
Improvements
Improvements to our nations prisons can be found in:
Accreditation by the American Correctional Association’s (ACA) Training though the National Academy of Corrections
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Jails
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 37
Jails—Locally operated, short-term confinement facilities.
Original purpose—confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. Current use—confinement of those convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.
Jails
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 38
Jails
Annually, 20 million people go to jail. A 2007 report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the nation’s jails held 766,010 inmates.
12.9% women4,836 juveniles >50% of inmates are serving sentences there
Jail authorities supervised another 60,222 inmates under certain community-based programs.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 39
Jails
There are 3,365 jails in the U.S. Most jails are small, designed to hold 50 or fewer inmates. Some jails are very big, like “mega-jails” in LA and NYC. In 2006, the 50 largest jails held almost 30% of all jail inmates.
There are 207,600 correctional officers. 3/1 inmate/staff ratio
The average cost to jail a person for a year is $14,500.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 40
A new jail architecture andmanagement strategy is called directsupervision. These jails:
Use a system of pods or modular self-contained housing areas Have a more open environment, using Plexiglas instead of thick walls to separate areas Use softer furniture May use “rooms” instead of cells
Direct Supervision Jails
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 41
Direct supervision jails Reduce inmate dissatisfaction Deter rape and violence Decrease suicide and escape attempts Eliminate barriers to staff-inmate interaction Give staff greater control Improve staff morale Reduce lawsuits
Benefits of Direct Supervision Jails
CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 10E © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc by Dr. Frank Schmalleger Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 42
National efforts are underway toimprove quality of jail life by:
Adding critical programs for inmates Increasing jail industries Jail “boot camps” Creating regional jails Implementing jail standards
Future of Jails