Upload
teness
View
51
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 50 Assessment of Immune Function . Learning Objectives. Describe the body’s general immune responses. Discuss the stages of the immune response. Differentiate between cellular and humoral immune responses. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 50
Assessment of Immune Function
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Learning Objectives
• Describe the body’s general immune responses.• Discuss the stages of the immune response.• Differentiate between cellular and humoral immune
responses.• Describe the effects of selected variables on function of
the immune system.• Use assessment parameters for determining the status of
patients’ immune function.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Is the following statement True or False?
Immunity refers to the body’s nonspecific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
False
Immunity refers to the body’s specific, not nonspecific, protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Immune System• Immunity: the body’s specific protective response to
invading foreign agent or organism• Immunopathology: the study of diseases that result from
dysfunction the immune system • Immune disorders
– Autoimmunity– Hypersensitivity– Gammopathies– Immune deficiencies: primary and secondary
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Central and Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Development of Cells of the Immune System
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Lymphocytes: B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow; T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, where they also differentiate into cells with various functions
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Immune Function• Natural immunity: nonspecific response to any foreign
invader – White blood cell action: release cell mediators such
as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, and engulf (phagocytize) foreign substances
– Inflammatory response– Physical barriers, such as intact skin, chemical
barriers, and acidic gastric secretions or enzymes in tars and saliva
• Acquired immunity: specific against a foreign antigen– Result of prior exposure to an antigen – Active or passive
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Stages of Immune Response
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Defenses• Phagocytic immune response• Humoral or antibody response• Cellular immune response
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Which leukocytes arrive at the inflammation site?A. BasophilsB. EosinophilsC. MonocytesD. Neutrophils
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
D
Neutrophils arrive first at a site where inflammation occurs.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Role of Antibodies• Agglutination of antigens• Opsonization• Promote release of vasoactive substances; activation of
complement system and phagocytosis• Act in concert with other components of the immune
system• Types of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE,IgG, and IgM
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Antigen-Antibody Binding
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Cellular Immune Response• B lymphocytes: humoral immunity
– Produce antibodies or immunoglobulins• T lymphocytes: cellar immunity
– Attack invaders directly, secrete cytokines, and stimulate immune system responses
– Helper T cells– Cytotoxic T cells– Memory cells– Suppressor T cells (suppress immune response)
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Non-T and Non-B Lymphocytes Involved in Immune Response • Null cells
– Destroy antigen coated with antibody• Natural killer cells
– Defend against microorganisms and some malignant cells
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Complement Mediated Immune Responses
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Variables That Effect Immune System Function
• Age and gender• Nutrition• Presence of conditions or disorders: cancer/neoplasm, chronic illness,
autoimmune disorders, surgery/trauma• Allergies• History of infection or immunization• Genetic factors• Lifestyle• Medications and transfusions• Pyschoneuroimmunologic factors
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Tests to Evaluate Immune Function
• WBC count and differential• Bone marrow biopsy• Humoral and cellular immunity tests• Phagocytic cell function test• Complement component tests• Hypersensitivity tests• Specific antigen-antibody tests• HIV infection tests
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
Is the following statement True or False?
Autoimmune disorders are more common in females than males.
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
True
Autoimmune disorders are more common in females than males.