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Chapter 5: The Skeletal System
Lecture Notes Part B
Bone Fractures
• Fracture—break in a bone• Types of bone fractures• Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin• Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
Repair of Bone Fractures• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus• Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
Rickets:• Disease in children where bones fail to calcify:• Bones soften and weight bearing bones will bow • Caused by lack of calcium or vitamin D
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
Externalcallus
Bonycallus ofspongybone
Healedfracture
Newbloodvessels
Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)
Spongybonetrabecula
Hematomaformation
Fibrocartilagecallus formation
Bony callusformation
Bone remodeling
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5, step 1
Hematoma
Hematomaformation
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5, step 2
Hematoma
Externalcallus
Newbloodvessels
Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)
Spongybonetrabecula
Hematomaformation
Fibrocartilagecallus formation
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5, step 3
Hematoma
Externalcallus
Bonycallus ofspongybone
Newbloodvessels
Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)
Spongybonetrabecula
Hematomaformation
Fibrocartilagecallus formation
Bony callusformation
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5, step 4
Hematoma
Externalcallus
Bonycallus ofspongybone
Healedfracture
Newbloodvessels
Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)
Spongybonetrabecula
Hematomaformation
Fibrocartilagecallus formation
Bony callusformation
Bone remodeling
The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal axis of the body• Divided into three parts• Skull• Vertebral column• Bony thorax
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6a
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6b
The Skull
• Two sets of bones• Cranium• Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
Human Skull, Lateral View
Figure 5.7
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
Human Skull, Anterior View
Figure 5.11
Paranasal Sinuses
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity• Functions of paranasal sinuses• Lighten the skull• Give resonance and amplification to voice
Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 5.10a
Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 5.10b
The Hyoid Bone
• The only bone that does not articulate with another bone• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue• Aids in swallowing and speech
The Hyoid Bone
Figure 5.12
