Chapter 5

SOL 5a-g

Aegean Sea Greek peninsula, Europe, Asia Minor Mediterranean Sea Black Sea, Dardanelles Athens, Sparta, Troy Macedonia

What does this geography tell us about Greece?

Agriculture: limited arable land What does arable mean?

Commerce and the spread of Hellenic cultureWhat is Hellenic culture? (vocabulary)

Shift from barter to money economyWhat does this mean?

What does mythology mean? Based on polytheistic religion Used to explain natural phenomena,

human qualities and life events Set cultural norms Iliad and Odyssey

AchillesHectorOdysseusParisHelen of Troy

King of gods Thunderbolts Eagle Ganymede

Queen of gods Goddess of marriage Peacock

God of healingMusic, poetryProphecySunHunting

Crow

Goddess of earth, wildlife, hunt Never married Quail

Goddess of love Beauty Dove

Goddess of wisdom, war/peace

Created olive tree Goddess of city of Athens Owl

Messenger “Speedy” Invented harp Tortoise

War god Liked Aphrodite Vulture, Woodpecker

God of the sea, earthquakes, rivers, floods, droughts, horses

Holds a Trident

Polis – city-state – an independent city that is its own country

Gave a Greek person his identify Socrates - If you don’t belong to a polis,

you’re not human Each polis had its own kind of

government Monarchy Dictatorship Democracy Oligarchy Aristocracy

Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city-statesHelped – not much interaction with

neighborsHindered – hard to expand

Overpopulation led to colonizationMore space to liveMore farmland

Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civil participation inn government.

Women and foreigners had no political rights

Slaves had no political rights

Greek citizens expected to fight Invented the phalanyx

Meat grinder

Stages in evolution of Athenian governmentMonarchy Aristocracy Tyranny

Democracy Tyrants who worked for reform: Draco and

Solon Draco: Law code with harsh punishments for all

crimes (debt slavery) Solon: revised Draco laws and made them more

humane (outlawed debt slavery); drafted a new constitution

Origin of democratic principles: Direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen **What are each of these like?

Oligarchy: rule by a small group Rigid social structure Militaristic and aggressive society

Life revolved around the military and preparation for war

Persian Wars (499-449 BC)Persian wars united Athens and Sparta

against the Persian EmpireFirst War

Greek victories over the Persians at MarathonLink to website on Marathon

Second War Thermopylae = Persian victory Greek victory at Salamis left Greeks in Control of

the Aegean Sea. Athens preserved its independence and

continued innovation in government and culture

• Mostly occurring between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars

Pericles extended democracy Only most adult males had an equal voice Pericles rebuilt Athens after destruction

in Persian Wars The Parthenon is an example of this

reconstruction

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles Poetry: Homer History: Herodotus, Thucydides Sculpture: Phidias Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras Architecture: Types of columns

Doric IonianCorinthian

Peloponnesian War (431-404BC)Caused in part by competition for control of

the Greek world—Athens and the Delian League v. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League

Resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power

Sparta began the war and was the victor

50 years after the Peloponnesian War small battles between Sparta and Athens weakened Greece

Philip once a prisoner of Greece used his time to learn about Greek military tactics

Used this knowledge to conquered most of GreeceAdvanced phalynx

Murdered and his son, Alexander the Great takes control

Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the Margins of India

Extended Greek cultural influence

Blending of Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences in GreeceBlend of Greek and oriental elements

Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade