Chapter 5

Sections 1 and 2

Important Terminology

• Epi- :• Inter- : • Os- :• Pseud- : • Squam- :• Strat- : • Chondro : • -cyte : • Simple:

• Epi- : “above; covering”• Inter- : “between”• Os- : “bone tissue”• Pseud- : “false”• Squam- : “flattened”• Strat- : “layered”• Chondro : “cartilage”• -cyte : “cell”• Simple : one-layer

Important Terminology

Section 1Introduction to Tissues

• Tissues- a group of similar cells that perform specific functions

• Between cells: nonliving extracellular material• Four basic types of tissue:

Tissue Type Tissue FunctionEpithelial Tissue Covering

Connective Tissue SupportMuscle Tissue Movement

Nervous Tissue Control

Section 2Epithelial Tissue

• Covers all free body surfaces

• Anchored to connective tissue

• Functions in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion

• Classified by SHAPE and NUMBER of layers

3 “layers” of Epithelium

• Simple—One layer

• Pseudostratified—appears to be more than one layer

• Stratified—two or more layers of cells

Pseudostratified

3 “shapes” of Epithelia

1. Squamous – thin and flattened

2. Cuboidal – cube-shaped

3. Columnar – tall and “column-shaped”

Squamous cells look a lot like a fried egg

Cuboidal cells are shaped like ice cubes

Columnar Cells look like columns

• Simple squamous epithelium– Helps gas exchange– Lines blood and lymph vessels– Found in alveoli of lungs

• Simple cuboidal epithelium– Used for secretion and absorption in kidneys and other

glands

• Simple columnar epithelium– Lines uterus and digestive tracts– Helps to secrete mucous– Absorbs nutrients

• Pseudostratified columnar– Lines respiratory passages– Protects and clears airways– Moves mucus

• Stratified squamous– Protection– Outer layer of skin; epidermis

Honor’s Only

• Stratified cuboidal– Protection– Lines larger ducts of glands

• Transitional epithelium– Protection and ability to contract– Inner lining of bladder

• Glandular epithelium• Exocrine glands—secrete into ducts

that open to surface• Endocrine glands—secrete into

tissue fluid or blood

Types of Exocrine Glands

• Classified by how they secrete their products1. Merocrine gland – release water, protein-rich

fluids by exocytosis2. Apocrine gland – lose small portions of their

cell bodies during secretion3. Holocrine gland – entire cell lyses

(disintegrates) during secretion

Chapter 5

Section 3

Connective Tissues

Characteristics and Functions:

– Connects– Supports– Transports– A lot of extracellular

material between cells

• Categories:1. Loose connective tissue2. Adipose tissue3. Dense connective tissue4. Cartilage5. Bone6. Blood

Tissue Fibers

1. Collagenous- composed of collagen- very strong

2. Elastic- composed of microfribrils-very elastic and stretchy

3. Reticular- provides delicate support

Why does our skin wrinkle?

Read the blue text box on page 100 to find out!

1. Loose Connective Tissue:– Forms thin membrane

between organs– Beneath skin and

between muscles– Contains collagenous,

elastic, and reticular fibers

2. Adipose Tissue:– Stores fat

3. Dense Connective Tissue:– Made up of strong, collagenous fibers– Found in tendons (muscle to bone) and

ligaments (bone to bone)

4. Cartilage:– Provides supportive framework– Lacks a direct blood supply; slow to heal

5. Bone:– Contains mineral salts

and collagen– Active tissue that heals

rapidly

6. Blood:– Transports– Made of red cells, white

cells, and platelets– Suspended in plasma

Chapter 5

Sections 4 and 5

Section 4Muscle Tissue

General Characteristics:- Expand and contract- Help with body

movement

Three types:- Skeletal- Smooth- Cardiac

Skeletal Muscle

• VOLUNTARY• Attached to bones• Cells are long and

threadlike• Contract when

stimulated by nerve impulses

Image: Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Smooth Muscle

• INVOLUNTARY• Found in walls of hollow

organs (stomach, intestines, bladder, etc)

• Ex: Helps move food through digestive system

Cardiac Muscle• INVOLUNTARY• Found only in the heart• Cells are striated and

branched• Helps pumping of blood

Section 5Nervous Tissue

• Neurons – nerve cells• Neuroglia – support cells• Found in:

– Brain– Spinal cord– Peripheral nerves

• Help send signals to other neurons or muscles

• Coordinate and regulate body activities

Chapter 5Section 6

Types of Membrane

• Membrane: thin layers of epithelial and connective tissue surrounding and protecting organs

• Four types of Membranes:1. Serous 2. Mucous3. Cutaneous 4. Synovial

1. Serous membrane- Lines cavities that lack openings to

the outside- Filled with fluid- Ex: surrounds the heart

2. Mucous membrane- Lines body cavities opening to the

outside such as digestive, respiratory, and reproductive

- Secrete mucous- Ex: within the nose and mouth

3. Cutaneous membrane- the Skin

4. Synovial membrane– lines the joints– made up completely of

connective tissue