Chapter 5Chapter 5

Reform, Resistance, and Revolution!

25 slides3 slides non writing

I. IMPERIAL REFORM

II. INDIAN POLICY

III. THE ACTS

IV. RESISTANCE

V. LIBERTY AS A DISEASE

VI. REGULATORS

VII. 1st CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

VIII.BRITISH RESPONSE

IX. 2nd CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

X. BRITISH RESPONSE, again.

XI. GRIEVANCES

XII. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

I. I. Imperial Reform Imperial Reform Consequences of War

– Always about money

– John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute was Prime Minister 1762-1763

Miserable failure

– Under Bute, Greenville had been the Minister of Treasury

– Britain would station troops in colonies to protect colonists from French and Indians

– Consequently, Britain’s policy toward colonies after 1763 was one of increased centralized control.

Pontiacs Rebellion - 1763– Pontiacs Conspiracy

Indian uprising against British during French Indian War.

II. II. Indian PolicyIndian Policy

Proclamation Line of 1763.– Prohibited colonial settlements west of the

Appalachian mountains

Paxton Boys – December 14, 1763

VigilanteMurdered Indians

During the French Indian War (7 Years War) 1754 - 1763:

Last of the colonial wars pitting Britain against France and Spain. In Europe known as 7 Yrs War.

- British troops were disciplined, Americans undisciplined volunteers.

- British followed orders, Americans obeyed reasonable orders.

- British enlisted for long terms, Americans for one campaign.

Peace of Paris in 1763, ended the French Indian War:

Britain acquired all of North America east of Mississippi except New Orleans.

France left with lands west of Mississippi river.

III. III. The Acts!!The Acts!!

Sugar Act 1764 – Angered New England merchants the most!– Primary purpose was as a revenue raiser

Currency Act 1764– Affected wide range of peoples in colonies: plantations to merchants

Quartering Act 1765. – 1765 – 1766

Antagonized most colonists.

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More Acts!!More Acts!! Stamp Act 1765

– wills, bills, bill of sale, licenses, deeds.

– Added: playing cards, newspapers, hand bills, ships papers, insurance policies.

– Opposed because it was first direct internal tax passed by Parliament for NA colonies.

– Made worse by appointment of colonists as tax collectors

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Stamp Act Crisis– Factors precipitating the crisis

Novelty of a direct tax by Parliament and fear of what was to come Tax hit everyone in all areas of the colonies (not sectional) Affected lawyers, tavern owners, printers most Right of jurisdiction to admiralty courts and fear among colonists that

their right to trial was being taken away Tax came at a time of economic stagnation

– Nullification, Sons of Liberty– Stamp Act Congress – October 1765

Declaratory Act 1766– Repeal Stamp Act.– Asserted Parliaments absolute right to legislate for the colonies and then

repealed the Stamp Act.

More Acts!!More Acts!!

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Meanwhile in Britain– Parliament v Colonies

Colonies Parliament

– George III Not tyrant – power restricted by Parliament Policy inconsistent Didn’t like anyone smarter than he was

Mental issues from 1765 until he died

Revenue Act 1766– Molasses, reduced duty to 1 pence per gallon on all imports – British

or other

Townshend Act 1767– New duties on tea, paper, glass, lead, colors

– Within 1 year, trade with England fell 25%, by end of 2nd year trade had fallen off by 50%.

More Acts!!!More Acts!!!

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Tea Act 1773– Britain would undersell Dutch et al.

December 1773 – Boston Tea Party

Intolerable or Coercive Acts (4) 1774 March– Boston port closed until tea paid for– new quartering act– admin of justice – British soldiers would go home if they did any wrong,– MA Government Act – annulled MA colonial charter– Quebec Act 1774 : est. French civil law and recognized Roman

Catholicism

Courier and Ives engraving

IV. IV. RESISTANCE!!RESISTANCE!! Initially – 1765 – colonists not willing to accept new duties

1766, colonists willing to accept minor increases. Acts mainly hit merchants and lawyers

Stamp Act

Boston Massacre Monday, March 5, 1770.– Customs house– Single guard called for help. Corporal and 7 soldiers returned

and came to his aid.– Soldier slipped– 5 died, 6 wounded: Crispus Attucks

Gaspee Affair – June 10, 1772

Tax on tea – Tea Crisis 1773

– Boston Tea Party – Dec 16, 1773Sons of Liberty

– British ResponseCoercive Acts – 1774

– Boston Port closed– Quartering Acts (new and improved)– Reorganized the government of Massachusetts.

Declaratory Act – asserted Parliaments absolute right to legislate for the colonies.

In response to the Coercive Acts, colonists initiated the 1st Continental Congress!

V. V. Liberty as a DiseaseLiberty as a Disease

Colonists took up arms, not because they liked war/death or to avoid paying taxes … they wanted to restore the empire to what it had been before 1763 when Parliament/King began taxing and imposing itself upon the colonists without respect.

VI. VI. RegulatorsRegulators Carolina backcountry 1767 - 1769

– Rebelled against colonial assembly to set up county governments in West. Assembly was made up of wealthy planters.

– Revival of old proprietary claims to land by Easterners – angers back country folks

– Immigrants angered Indians (Scots-Irish/Presbyterians and Lutherans), most immigrants came from Philadelphia – they squatted on Indians land

– 1765-67 – respectable sorts organized and called themselves Regulators

To restore order, to provide law where none previous

V II. V II. First Continental CongressFirst Continental Congress September 5, 1774 - in response to the Coercive Acts Philadelphia 12 colonies (not GA)

Declaration and Resolves – all colonists sprang from same common tradition and enjoyed rights guaranteed by the immutable laws of nature and the British constitution, several charters and compacts

Debated response – non-importation

Set up - Committees of Correspondence

Petitioned King

VIII. VIII. BRITISH RESPONSEBRITISH RESPONSEApril 18-19 1775

- Troops under Lt Col Francis Smith were sent to Concord to destroy weapons and to arrest John Hancock and Sam Adams (all done in secret)

- 700 grenadiers +

Lexington – first stop

then Concord

IX. IX. Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress Met May 10, 1775 until 1789

In 1781, it was known as the Confederation Congress

Creation of Continental army

Congress rejected Lord North’s Conciliatory Proposal on 7/31/75

George Washington

Declaration of Causes and Necessities in taking Up Arms

Olive Branch Petition

June 1775 attack on Quebec

War was inevitable by that time

June 7, 1776 – Richard Henry Lee proposed that the colonies “are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states.”

X. X. British Response, again.British Response, again.Fits and starts

– Outraged the colonists would behave as they were– Resentful of the colonists

– British offered freedom to slaves who supported British

– Spring 1776 – colonists had virtually complete control of colonies

XI. XI. GrievancesGrievances

Thomas Jefferson selected to write up a list of grievances.

Thomas Paine’s COMMON SENSE – denounced the monarchy as a degenerate institution.

XII. XII. Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of IndependenceProposed by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia

Adopted July 4, 1776

Signed in August, Ratified in Sept