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Chapter 5 Political Parties. The Two-Party System. “A party of order or stability, and a party of progress or reform, are both necessary elements of a healthy state of political life.” ~ John Stuart Mill. Two-Party System . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 5Political Parties
“A party of order or stability, and a party of progress or reform, are both necessary
elements of a healthy state of political life.” ~ John Stuart Mill
The Two-Party System
(Major) Party- a group of persons who seek to control government through the winning of elections and the holding of public office(s).◦ Republicans ◦ Democrats
(Minor) Party- one of the many political parties without wide voter support.◦ Green Party ◦ Prohibition Party
Two-Party System
Where in a typical political election, two major parties dominate American politics.
A number of factors explain why America has had and continues to have a two-party system.
Two-Party System
Started with the Federalists and Anti-Federalist◦ More Americans except the idea of a two-party
system because there has always been one◦ James Madison said that a larger Republic is
better, as to increase the number of factions, and to distribute power No one party can overpower the system… or can
they?
The Force of Tradition
Single-member districts: Electoral process in which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office
Plurality: The winning candidate who receives a the largest number of votes cast for an office ◦ The plurality does NOT have to be the majority
Bipartisan: The two major political parties find common ground and work Together
The Electoral System
The American people over time have shared many of the same ideals, same basic principles, and same patterns of belief
Pluralistic Society: One consisting of several distinct cultures and groups◦ The United States is the “melting pot” of the
world
Federalist Paper No. 55◦ Argues that a smaller assembly is better for the
country. More likely to get things RATIFIED◦ However, this is contradictory to the People’s
Voice
The American Ideological Consensus
Consensus: A general agreement◦ Not always so in American society1. American Civil War2. Great Depression3. Vietnam Era4. Persian Gulf War II (Afghanistan and Iraq)5. Party Polarity (Republicans v. Democrats)
American Ideological Consensus
Third Party?
A system in which several major and many lesser parties exist, seriously compete for, and actually win public office(s).
Based around particular interests, including:◦ Economic class◦ Religious beliefs◦ Sectional attachment◦ Political ideology
Creates a broader and more diverse representation of electorates.
Multiparty Systems
One-party Systems A political system in which only one
party exists. Falls under a dictatorship in many nations. Within the United States, a modified one-
party system is prevalent in certain regions of the country.
Post Civil War Elections:◦ Republican party = New England & Midwest◦ Democrats = South
Federalist No. 10 & 51 Both majority and minority factions are
brought up, and Madison believes that the majority factions are the most dangerous.
Using the liberties of citizens can bring down a Democracy.
Factions- conflicting groups
The Two-Party System in America
Election of 1800◦ “The Great Revolution” signified the transfer of
political powers from one political party to another
◦ The incumbent Federalist president, John Adams, was defeated by Republican Thomas Jefferson Incumbent- current office holder
Since then, there have been 4 major periods of political party dominance.
First Political Parties
Era of the Democrats (1800-1860) Although called Republicans, the
Democratic-Republicans can be compared to the Democratic Party of today.
Ran unopposed in national politics up to 1830.◦ Split up into factions with the introduction of the
Andrew Jackson administration◦ National Republicans (Whigs) vs. Democrats
American Parties
Era of the Republicans (1860-1932) Republican dominance started in 1860 with
the election of President Lincoln. Only political party to jump from 3rd party to
major party status Electorate- the people eligible to vote. Sectionalism- the devotion toward
interests of one section of the country or population
American Parties
The New Democratic Era (1932-1968) The Great Depression brought the election
of a new American leader, FDR Democrats held the national government up
to the Vietnam War◦ Richard Nixon’s second attempt for the
presidency proved successful for a short-term Republican reign
American Parties
Era of Division (1968-current) New points of interest have created a rift
between the public’s concern and that of the political parties’ agendas
American Parties
The Minor Parties
Ron Paul Ralph Nader
There are MANY neglected third parties that field a presidential candidate◦ Constitution Party◦ Green Party of the U.S.◦ Communist Party◦ Libertarian Party◦ America First Party◦ Freedom Socialist Party◦ Reform Party◦ Prohibition Party◦ American Nazi Party◦ And Many More…
Minority Parties in the U.S.
1. Ideological Parties Parties based on a particular set of beliefs-a
comprehensive view of social, economic, and political matters.◦ Have seldom been able to win many votes◦ Libertarian Party- focuses on the individual◦ Communist Party- focuses on the well-being of the
society
4 Types of Minor Parties
2. Single-Issue Parties Parties that focus on only one public-policy
matter◦ Most of these parties fade into history, with the issue
they stood for.◦ The two major parties may address their key issue,
as one of their own.◦ Usually found in the minor party name.
Prohibition Party (Founded 1869) U.S. Marijuana Party (Founded 2002)
4 Types of Minor Parties
3. Economic Protest Parties Parties rooted in periods of economic
discontent. ◦ There is no clear-cut ideological base◦ A disgust toward the two major parties
Occupy Wall Street◦ Most often, they have been sectional parties
Drawing strength from the South & West◦ Greenback Party (1876-1884)◦ Populist Party (1890s)
4 Types of Minor Parties
4. Splinter Parties Parties that have split away from one of the
major political parties◦ Most of the more important 3rd parties have been
splinter parties◦ Form around a strong personality-an individual◦ These parties usually collapse when the individual
steps down Bull Moose Progressive Party Progressive Party
(1912) Green Party with Ralph Nader
4 Types of Minor Parties
Third-party candidacy can act as a “spoiler role” in a close election.◦ Theodore Roosevelt’s Bull Moose Party took away
votes from the Republican candidate in the 1912 election
Minor parties act as the “critics “ (bring attention to wrong doing) and “innovators” (new ideas are co-opted by major parties) for political issues
Why Minority Parties are Important
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dd2-OAgn8Q&feature=related
Effects of Third Party
Party Organization
Each major American political party builds its structure from four basic elements:
1. The National Convention2. The National Committee3. The National Chairperson4. The Congressional Campaign
National Party Machinery
State party foundations are set by State law:1. State Organization- chairperson and the
State Central Committee2. Local Organization- follow the electoral map
of a State◦ Ward: a unit into which cities are often divided for
the election of city council members◦ Precinct: the smallest unit of election
administration◦ Polling Place: voting locations within the precinct
State & Local Party Machinery
1. Nominating Candidates2. Informing & Activating Supporters:
shared with news media & interest groups3. Bonding Agent: tries to pick qualified
candidates with good moral character4. Watch Dog: party out of power watches
party in power (holds the White House)5. Governing: office holders, executive
appointments, etc…basis for conducting government, provides channels for the Exec/Leg branches to work together
Roles of the Major Parties
*Sharp drop in number of voters who classify themselves as Republican or Democrat
Rise in Independents/Minor Parties*Split-Ticket Voting: voting for candidates of different parties for different offices at the same election
A true system with bipartisan behaviors – issue voting
*Straight – ticket Voting: voting for all the candidates in one party
* Coattail Effect: Strong candidate helps to attract voters to other lesser candidates in the same party
Reasons for Party Decline
Qualifications set by the States (5 limitations by Constitution):
* Sufferage: the right to vote15th Amendment: removed race/color19th Amendment: removed sex/gender23rd Amendment: DC right to vote24th Amendment: eliminated poll taxes26th Amendment: 18 yr olds can vote
Voting Rights Act of 1965: removed literacy tests, gave Federal government more power to enforce 15th amendment being ignored by the states
National Voter Registration Act 1993 (Motor Voter Act):Allowed people to register to vote by mail, @ time of license renewal/application, with registration forms found in public assistance offices
Voter Qualifications:
OPEN PRIMARY: any qualified voter may vote CLOSED PRIMARY: only declared party members may voteCAUCUS/ CONVENTION: groups of like-minded people who meet to select candidates for electionGENERAL ELECTION: all or most members of a given political body are up for election
SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS: private organizations trying to persuade public officials to respond to the shared attitudes of its members – to shape public policy
PAC’s: Political Action Committees – political arms of special interest groups, lobbyists
HARD MONEY: $$ contributed directly to the candidate, subject to regulation ($2400 - person/ $No regulation- organization)SOFT MONEY:$$ contributed to the political party by large donors, unregulated