Chapter 5: Personal Health and Consumer Choices€¦ · Acne Acne is a skin condition that occurs when active oil glands cause hair follicles to become clogged. It often appears during

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CHAPTERCHAPTER

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How well do you maintain your personal healthand protect your senses? Are you a wise healthconsumer? To find out, take the Chapter 5 HealthInventory at health.glencoe.com.

HEALTH

Fold the short sides of the sheet of paperinward so that they meet in the middle.

Fold the top to the bottom.

Unfold and cut along the insidefold lines to form four tabs.

Label the tabs as shown.NailsSkin

Hair Teeth

Make this Foldable to helpyou organize information onpersonal care, presented inLesson 1. Begin with a plainsheet of 11� � 17� paper.

Record what you learn about theform, function, and care of teeth,skin, hair, and nails under the appropriate tab.

Before You Read

As You Read

Personal Health andConsumer Choices

Personal Health andConsumer Choices

http://health.glencoe.com

120 CHAPTER 5: PERSONAL HEALTH AND CONSUMER CHOICES

Caring for Your Teeth,Skin, Hair, and Nails

Your TeethHealthy teeth and gums enable you to chew food thoroughly and

speak clearly. Your teeth also give shape and structure to your mouth.

Tooth CareTo keep your teeth and gums healthy, brush and floss daily.

Brush at least twice a day, but if possible, brush after every meal.Use a soft-bristled toothbrush, and replace it every two to threemonths or after an illness. Choose a toothpaste that contains fluoride (FLAWR·eyed), a substance that helps prevent tooth decay. If you can’t brush after a meal, rinse your mouth withwarm water. Flossing is also important. It removes food trappedbetween your teeth and along the gumline that rinsing and brush-ing miss. Figure 5.1 on the next page shows how to brush andfloss your teeth.

To fight tooth decay and keep your teeth and gumsin good health, follow these guidelines.

• Eat at least five servings of fruits andvegetables each day. Also includefoods that contain calcium, such asmilk and yogurt.

• Limit your intake of sugar.

• Visit a dentist at least twice a yearfor regular cleanings and exams.Cooperate with the dentist by following the recommendationsgiven to you during your healthscreening.

11LessonLesson

LEARN ABOUT...• keeping your teeth

healthy.• cleaning and

protecting your skin.• caring for your hair

and nails.

VOCABULARY• fluoride• plaque• tartar• epidermis• melanin• pores• dermis• follicles• ultraviolet (UV) rays• dandruff• head lice

For a winning smile, be sure to makehealthful snack choices. Brainstorm a listof nutritious snacks.

How do your personalgrooming habits affectyour appearance? Jotdown a brief explanation.

Quick WriteQuick Write

ADVOCACYDid You Brush Your Teeth?

As Timmy’s baby-sitter, Leona is respon-sible for giving him an evening snack andgetting him ready for bed. Timmy alwayswants soda and cookies and does not regu-larly brush his teeth before bed. Leonawants to encourage Timmy to take bettercare of his teeth so that he can avoid cavities.

WHAT WOULD YOU DO?Write a dialogue between Leona and

Timmy that shows her convincing him to eatmore nutritious snacks and brush his teethbefore going to bed.

HEALTH SKILLS ACTIVITYHEALTH SKILLS ACTIVITY

Brush the outer surfacesof your upper and lowerteeth. Use a combinationof up-and-down strokesand small circular or side-to-side strokes.

Thoroughly brush allchewing surfaces.

Brush the inside surfacesof your upper and lowerteeth.

Brush your tongueand rinse yourmouth.

Wrap about 18 inches offloss around the middlefinger of each hand.

Grip the floss firmly between thumb andforefinger.

Slide the floss back andforth between teeth to-ward the gumline until ittouches the gumline.

Forming a C with the floss around eachtooth, keep slidingthe floss back andforth gently as youmove it up and downalong the side of thetooth. Do the samefor all of your teeth,using a clean sectionof floss for each tooth.When you’ve finished,rinse your mouth.

How to BrushBe sure to brush your teeth for at least two minutes—30 seconds for each area of your mouth.

How to Floss

FIGURE 5.1

HOW TO BRUSH AND FLOSSProper brushing and flossing will keep your teeth healthy. What elsecan you do to maintain the health of your teeth?

LESSON 1: CARING FOR YOUR TEETH, SKIN, HAIR, AND NAILS 121


Tooth DecayBacteria live in your mouth. When bacteria combine with saliva

and the sugary substances that you eat, plaque forms. Plaque(PLAK) is a thin, sticky film that builds up on teeth and contributesto tooth decay. Once plaque is formed, the bacteria on the teeth produce an acid. This acid can eat a hole, or cavity, in the tooth’senamel—the hard material on the outer surface of the tooth. If adentist does not treat the cavity, it gets bigger over time. The decayspreads, invading the tooth’s dentin—bonelike material that sur-rounds the sensitive inner parts of the tooth. Decay can then spreadto the pulp—tissue that contains nerve endings and blood vessels.If the cavity exposes a nerve, you’ll know it. Eventually, you’ll develop a toothache and will need to see the dentist right away.

Unremoved plaque may also harden and become tartar. Tartar(TAR·ter) is hardened plaque that threatens gum health. Only adentist or dental hygienist can remove tartar completely.

Your SkinYour skin is an organ, just like your lungs and heart. In fact, the

skin is the body’s largest organ. It is composed of three layers: theepidermis, the dermis, and a layer of fat cells. Figure 5.2 showsthe parts of the skin.

ScienceA WINNING SMILESome people have theirteeth straightened andrealigned by wearingbraces. These devices,consisting of bracketsand wires, can improvethe look and functionof teeth. Find out howteeth are treated withbraces. In addition, research the latest advances in materialsthat are used to makebraces.

FIGURE 5.2

PARTS OF THE SKINThe skin is made up of three layers,each of which performs a specificfunction. How do all three layerswork together?

EpidermisThe epidermis(e·puh·DER·mis) is the outermost layerof skin. New cellsmade in the epidermiscontinuously replaceold cells lost from theskin’s surface. Cells inthe epidermis makemelanin (MEL·uh·nin),the substance thatgives skin its color.Freckles are spots ofmelanin.

DermisBeneath the epidermisis the dermis. Thedermis (DER·mis) isthe skin’s inner layer,which contains bloodvessels, nerve endings,hair follicles, sweatglands, and oil glands.

Hair follicleFollicles (FAH·li·kuhlz) are small sacs inthe dermis that produce hair.

PoreThe dermis contains sweatglands, which let perspirationescape through pores, tinyopenings in the skin.

Oil glandThe dermis containsoil glands, which pro-duce oils to keep skinsoft and prevent crack-ing and dryness.

Nerve ending

Fat cellsUnder the dermis is a layer of fat calls.

Blood vessel


Oil glands produce sebum, asubstance that combines withdead skin cells to clog follicles.A whitehead results when apore, or follicle opening, be-comes plugged with sebumand dead skin cells.

A blackhead forms when awhitehead is exposed to theair and darkens.

If a clogged follicle rupturesand bacteria invade the skin,an infection occurs. Thearea becomes red, swollen,and filled with pus, producinga pimple.

A B C

FIGURE 5.3

HOW ACNE FORMSWhiteheads, blackheads, and pimples are three common kinds of acne.What can you do to control acne?

The skin has many important functions:

• Waterproofing. Your skin keeps water out of the body.

• Vitamin D formation. Your skin uses the sun’s light to producesmall amounts of vitamin D, which helps build bones and teeth.

• Protection. Skin protects you against germs and injuries.

• Temperature control. Blood vessels in the skin enable yourbody to retain or release heat, and perspiration helps keep yourbody cool.

• Sensation. The skin contains nerve endings that give you infor-mation about touch and temperature.

AcneAcne is a skin condition that occurs when active oil glands cause

hair follicles to become clogged. It often appears during puberty.The same hormones that cause your body to grow and mature duringpuberty also overstimulate some glands. Acne may affect the face,neck, back, chest, and shoulders. Figure 5.3 shows how acne forms.

To deal with acne, gently wash the affected area at least twicedaily with mild soap and warm water. Avoid touching the area, andavoid the use of heavy makeup or creams.

Skin CareTaking care of your skin can help you feel good about yourself.

Here are some skin care tips.

• Keep clean. Bathe or shower daily. During your early teen years,oil and sweat glands are especially active. Washing with soapremoves bacteria and excess oils from the surface of your skin.An underarm deodorant will also help to minimize body odors.

• Eat properly and stay physically active. Eat foods high in fiber,vitamins, and minerals. Green and yellow vegetables, milk, andeggs are high in vitamin A, which helps your skin stay healthy.Get regular physical activity, and get plenty of sleep.

• Protect yourself from the sun. Ultraviolet (UV) rays are aninvisible form of radiation from the sun that can penetrate andchange the structure of skin cells. UVB rays are the primarycause of sunburn. UVA rays make the skin age and wrinklefaster and also cause sunburn. Both types of UV rays increasethe risk of skin cancer. To protect yourself from UV rays, try tostay out of the sun between 10:00 A.M. and 4:00 P.M. Rememberthat ultraviolet rays are just as strong on cloudy and hazy days.

• If you’re going to be in the sun, wear sunscreen and reapplyit every hour. Broad-spectrum sunscreens provide protectionfrom both types of UV rays. Make sure that the sunscreen has anSPF (sun protection factor) of 15 or greater, depending on howeasily you burn and how long you plan to be in the sun. Also besure to wear a hat, T-shirt, and sunglasses, and drink plenty offluids.

• Avoid body decoration such as tattoos and piercing. Less serious risks include scarring and minor infections. HIV, thevirus that causes AIDS, and the virus that causes hepatitis, a

dangerous inflammation of theliver, can also be spread throughtattooing and piercing.

Your HairHair can be styled, cut, colored,

and changed in many ways. Nomatter how you wear it, keepingyour hair clean and healthy isworth the effort. Hair care is partof personal grooming.

ScienceDANGEROUS RAYSMany people believethat tanning beds,which emit more UVArays than UVB rays,provide a safer tan thanthe sun does. However,UVA rays penetrate theskin deeply, and scien-tists believe that thiscan severely damageskin.

Many teens seetheir hair as a wayto express them-selves.



Hair CareDaily brushing keeps your hair healthy by removing dirt and

spreading oils from the roots to the ends. You should wash yourhair regularly, using a gentle shampoo. How often you shouldwash depends on whether your hair tends to be dry or oily. Peoplewho have dry hair might not need to shampoo as often as peoplewith oily hair do. After you have washed your hair, rinse it well toremove all the shampoo. If you blow-dry your hair, use a low-heatsetting. Too much heat can cause the layered cells of your hair tosplit apart and even break off. Wind, chlorine, chemical treatments,and permanent hair dye can weaken hair in the same way. The re-sult is dull, rough-feeling, sometimes even discolored hair.

Hair and Scalp ProblemsSeveral problems can occur with the hair and the scalp, which is

the skin beneath the hair. One is dandruff, a flaking of the outerlayer of dead skin cells on the scalp. This condition is usuallycaused by dry skin. There is no cure for dandruff, but it can becontrolled with special shampoos.

Another hair and scalp problem involves head lice, parasitic insects that live on the hair shaft and cause itching. Even thoughlice can’t fly or jump from person to person, they are easy to catchfrom other people. To avoid getting lice, don’t share combs,brushes, or hats with others. If you do get head lice, use a specialshampoo (available at most drugstores) and wash your hair imme-diately. Any linens and clothes you have used should be washed inhot water or dry-cleaned.

If you put your hair up in aponytail, use a coated rubberband or soft cloth hair band.Noncushioned or uncoveredelastic bands can cause severebreakage. What are some otherways to prevent hair frombreaking?

Reading CheckIdentify the main idea.Write a sentence describ-ing the main idea of thefirst paragraph on thispage.

✔


Using complete sentences, answer the following questions on a sheet of paper.

Reviewing Terms and Facts1. Vocabulary Define the terms fluoride,

plaque, and tartar.2. Describe What are the five functions of

the skin?3. Explain How does acne form?4. Recall What can you do to care for

your nails?

Thinking Critically5. Hypothesize A friend says: “I don’t have

to go to the dentist because I’ve never hada cavity.” Do you agree or disagree withyour friend? Why?

6. Hypothesize How does taking care ofyour teeth, skin, hair, and nails affect allthree sides of your health triangle?

Applying Health Skills7. Practicing Healthful Behaviors Head

lice spread easily among groups of youngerchildren, especially in schools. With a part-ner, create a poster that suggests ways foryounger children to avoid getting lice.

Nail CareYour finger- and toenails are made of the same cells that make up

your hair. Your nails protect the sensitive tips of your fingers and toes.It’s important to care for your nails—without proper attention, theycan become weak, ingrown, or infected. Here are some nail-care tips.

• Clean and soften your hands in warm water. Notice the thin, skinlike layer at the base of eachnail. This is the cuticle, a nonliving band of tis-sue. To keep your cuticles neat, push them backafter soaking your hands, while they are soft. Youmay also use cuticle remover, a chemical that dissolves the cuticle.

• Trim your nails with nail scissors or clippers.Round your fingernails slightly, but cut your toe-nails straight across. Do not cut nails shorter thanskin level.

• Smooth rough nail edges with a nail file or emeryboard.

LessonLesson ReviewReview11

Keeping your nails clean, clipped, andsmooth has health benefits. How is thisteen protecting her nails?

LESSON 2: CARING FOR YOUR EYES AND EARS 127

LessonLesson

How do you think thattaking care of your sightand hearing now willbenefit you in the future?

22Caring for Your Eyesand Ears

Your EyesYour eyes tell you about the world—about light, shapes, colors,

and movements. Your brain, which allows you to recognize a friendand understand the words on this page, interprets the data gatheredby your eyes. Figure 5.4 shows the parts of the eye.


LEARN ABOUT...• keeping your eyes

healthy.• why people wear

glasses or contactlenses.

• caring for your ears.

VOCABULARY• optometrist• ophthalmologist• astigmatism• decibel

The sclera (SKLEHR·uh) is the white of the eye. It covers and protects the whole eye, except for the front.

The cornea (KOR·nee·uh) is the clear section that lets in light at the front of the eye.

The iris (EYE·ris) is the colored part of the eye. It controls the size of the pupil.

The optic (AHP·tik) nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers that sends messages to the brain, which interprets them.

The pupil (PYOO·puhl) is the dark opening in the center of the iris. It grows larger in dim light and smaller in brightlight, so that the right amount of light enters the eye.

The lens (LENZ) focuses the light on the retina.

The retina (RE·tin·uh) is the light-sensing part of the inner eye.

FIGURE 5.4

STRUCTURE OF THE EYEThe eye works a lot like a camera. It takes in light and focuses it tocreate an image. The image is then sent to your brain, where the pic-ture is “developed.”

Eye CareBecause your sense of sight is so important, you need to take

care of your eyes. Below are some eye care tips.

• Make sure that you have enough light. Read and watch televi-sion in a well-lit room. If necessary, use a reading lamp.

• Avoid light that is too bright. Sit at least 6 feet away from thetelevision set. Don’t look directly at the sun or at any otherbright light. When you are outside, wear sunglasses that protectagainst UVA and UVB rays.

• Avoid rubbing your eyes. If anything gets into your eyes, rub-bing them may scratch the cornea. Instead, rinse your eyes withcool, clean water.

• Protect your eyes from injury. Wear protective gear when youplay sports such as baseball and hockey. If you work with powertools or chemicals, wear protective glasses or goggles.

Eye ExaminationsTo make sure that your eyes are healthy, visit an eye care profes-

sional for regular examinations. An optometrist (ahp·TAH·muh·trist)is a health care professional who is trained to examine the eyes forvision problems and to prescribe corrective lenses. An ophthal-mologist (ahf·thahl·MAH·luh·jist) is a physician who specializes inthe structure, functions, and diseases of the eye. If you wear glassesor contact lenses, have your eyes checked once a year. Otherwise,have them checked every two years. Vision screening is also avail-able at school. If this screening is not done routinely, students andtheir families can request a vision test by the school nurse. Some ofthe most common vision problems include the following:

• Nearsightedness. A person who isnearsighted can see clearly only objects close to his or her eyes.

• Farsightedness. A farsighted personcan see only distant objects clearly.

• Astigmatism (uh·STIG·muh·tiz·uhm),an eye condition in which images aredistorted, causing objects to appearwavy or blurry.

Protective equipment isnecessary for many activities. Why do youthink these teens need toprotect their eyes?


Topic: The eye

For a link to more information on the eye and vision, go tohealth.glencoe.com.

Activity: Using theinformation provided at this link, make alist of five facts aboutthe eye.

HEALTHHEALTHOnlineOnline


Vision CorrectionMany vision problems can be corrected with

eyeglasses or contact lenses. Both glasses andcontact lenses can correct nearsightedness, far-sightedness, and astigmatism.

Contact lenses rest on the corneas. They are available in several basic types. Hard lensesare made of slightly flexible plastic. They areeasy to take care of, but some people find themuncomfortable. Soft lenses are made of soft,flexible plastic. These are easier to get used to but are more difficult to clean. Disposablecontact lenses are worn for a set period of time,thrown out, and then replaced with a fresh pairof lenses.

A type of corrective eye surgery called corneal modification al-ters the curve of the cornea so that light can focus directly on theretina. This procedure may eliminate the need for eyeglasses orcontact lenses. This type of surgery is usually available to people18 years and older. Remember always to get a second opinion—anopinion from another doctor—before having any optional surgery.

Avoiding EyestrainStaring at a computer screen can strain

and tire your eyes. The next time you surf theInternet or type a paper for school, take thefollowing precautions to protect your eyes:

• Position the monitor 2 feet from yourface and a few inches below eye level.

• Focus on a distant object for about 10seconds every 10 minutes.

• Use an antiglare filter.

• Place the monitor well away from anywindows to prevent glare.

• Never work on a computer in the dark.

• Adjust the monitor’s brightness and con-trast features so that you are comfortable.

• Wear computer glasses if necessary.

• Enlarge the font size on your computer.

• Remove dust from the screen regularly.


ON YOUR OWNFor a week, follow at least two or three of the suggestionslisted here. Did you notice anydifference in the way your eyesfelt while you were working onthe computer and afterward?Share your experience withthe class.

There are many ways tocorrect vision.

PRACTICING HEALTHFUL BEHAVIORS



Your EarsYour ears allow you to hear, listen, and learn. They also help you

keep your balance. Figure 5.5 shows the structures of the ear andthe way these parts work together.

Ear CareCaring for your ears involves protecting them from loud sounds.

The unit for measuring the loudness of sound is the decibel. Normalconversation is about 60 decibels. Sounds over 125 decibels are loudenough to be painful. Lower levels of sound can also harm the earsif the sounds continue over a long period of time. For example, pro-longed sounds louder than 80 or 90 decibels, such as a rock concertor a jet plane taking off, can damage the tiny hair cells in your innerear and lead to temporary or permanent hearing loss. Another way tocare for your ears is to have periodic hearing tests administered.These can be obtained from the school nurse or from a speech thera-pist or audiologist.

To protect your ears from noise and to prevent other problems,keep the volume fairly low on your radio, CD player, cassette player,and television. This is an especially important precaution if youare using headphones. Wear earplugs or other hearing protection

The outer ear is shaped like a cup to pick up sound waves, which travel through the external auditory canal.

In the middle ear, sound waves make the eardrum vibrate. The vibrations move the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup. These bones carry the vibrations to the inner ear.

In the inner ear, the fluid in the cochlea (KOK·lee·uh) moves. Tiny hair cells lining the cochlea vibrate in response, sending electrical messages to the auditory nerve. These messages travel to the brain, which identifies the sound.

Other structures in the ear are not directly involved in hearing. The eustachian (yoo·STAY·shuhn) tube keeps air pressure equal on both sides of the eardrum. The semicircular canals are filled with fluid and tiny hair cells. These hair cells send messages through nerves to the brain, helping your body keep its balance.

A

B

C

FIGURE 5.5

HOW YOUR EARS WORKYour ears not only allow you to hear, they also help you keep your balance.What part of the ear is responsible for balance?



Reviewing Terms and Facts1. List Name three ways in which you can

protect your eyes.2. Vocabulary What is the difference between

an optometrist and an ophthalmologist?3. Explain What happens to a person’s sight

as a result of astigmatism?4. Define What is a decibel?5. Recall Explain how the outer ear, middle

ear, and inner ear work together to allowyou to hear.

Thinking Critically6. Relate What activities or situations in

your life could be harmful to your hearing?What can you do to protect your hearing?

7. Evaluate How do you think your eyesand ears make you more aware of theworld around you? Do you think that oneof these sense organs is more beneficialthan the other? Explain your answer.

Applying Health Skills8. Accessing Information Advances in

technology are constantly allowing doctorsto find new ways to correct vision andhearing problems. Write letters to two na-tional organizations that deal with visionand hearing disorders, and ask for pam-phlets on the latest technologies. Youmight also look for this information on theInternet.

devices if you are going to be exposed to loud or pro-longed noise, such as the noise from a power lawnmower. Exposure to very loud noise can cause somepeople to lose part or all of their hearing or experiencetinnitus (tin·EYE·tus), a constant ringing in the ears.

It’s also important to clean and protect your ears.Some ways to keep your ears clean and to protect themare listed below.

• Clean the outside of your ears with a wet washcloth.Do not put a cotton swab or any other object into yourear canal. If earwax builds up inside your ears and be-comes a problem, see a doctor to have it removed.

• On cold days, wear earmuffs or a hat that covers yourears. Cold air can irritate the middle ear and cause frostbite onthe outer ear.

• If you think you have an ear infection, are experiencing pain in one or both ears, or have trouble hearing, tell your parents or guardians right away. They can help you seek care from adoctor or the school nurse.

Protecting your earsfrom loud music helpsprevent hearing prob-lems. What are someother ways to protectyour ears?


Consumer Choices and Your Health

Choices That Affect Personal HealthWhen you go to a fast-food restaurant or into a store to buy a

toothbrush, you are a consumer. A consumer (kuhn·SOO·mer) isanyone who buys products and services. A service is, for example,a haircut or a dental checkup. As a consumer, you need to be awarethat many of the products and services you buy affect your health.

Being a responsible consumer involves thinking about yourbuying choices carefully. It means knowing what you are lookingfor in the products and services you purchase. Careful evaluationis especially important when you purchase health-related productsand services. For example, when you choose a sunscreen, you shouldalways select a broad-spectrum sunscreen because it will protect youfrom both UVA and UVB rays.

Understanding Your Consumer ChoicesTo select products and

services wisely, you musthave useful informationabout the items that youare thinking of buying.To get this information,you need to gather andevaluate the facts, makecomparisons, and weighyour options. Some in-fluences that affect yourconsumer choices arelisted on the next page.

33

Think of a health prod-uct you bought recently.What factors affectedyour decision to buythat particular item?

LessonLesson


LEARN ABOUT...• what it means to

be a consumer.• what influences your

buying decisions.• how to evaluate

media messages.

VOCABULARY• consumer• advertising• infomercial• endorsement• fraud

Buying decisions affect your physical,mental/emotional, and social health. How dothe personal products you buy affect your physical health?


LESSON 3: CONSUMER CHOICES AND YOUR HEALTH 133

• Personal factors. Your personal beliefs, interests, and curiosityplay a big part in your purchasing decisions.

• Family background. Your family and culture help to shape yourbuying decisions.

• Peers. Your friends’ opinions might influence you when youconsider buying a product or service.

• Cost. The price of a product or service can be a key determiningfactor. Shop for quality and value.

• Advice of salespeople. Store employees can assist you in makinga purchasing decision, but the final choice should be based onyour own needs and wants and on facts.

• Advertising. Messages designed to cause consumers to buy aproduct or service are called advertising. Ads can be a stronginfluence on your buying choices. Ads are powerful sales tools,and companies invest a lot of money in them to persuade you to buy products and services. Advertisers work closely with media programmers to make sure their ads reach target audi-ences. Figure 5.6 shows the techniques advertisers use to sell their products to teens.

Types of AdvertisingAdvertisements usually fall into one of two groups: informational

ads and image ads. Both types have the same basic purpose—toconvince consumers to buy a product or service.

Informational ads rely mostly on facts. They may use statisticsto back their claims, or they may include the advice of experts. Aspecial kind of informational ad is an infomercial. An infomercial

Language ArtsARTICLE ORADVERTISEMENT?Some magazines include“special sections” thatprovide information andsell products. For exam-ple, a health sectionmay give exercise tipswhile advertising cer-tain equipment. Lookfor examples of specialsections in magazines.How are these sectionsmore like advertising ormore like articles?

FIGURE 5.6

ADVERTISING TECHNIQUES AIMED AT TEENSThis table describes advertising techniques. Why do you think such techniques can be successful?

Advertising TechniqueBandwagon

Beautiful People

Good Times

Status

Symbols

Image UsedGroup of teens

A celebrity—a glamorous model or a famous athlete—giving a paid endorsement (in·DAWR·smuhnt), a statement of approval. Celebritiesare usually paid a large amount ofmoney for their endorsements.Teens having fun

Brand name/designer clothing

A well-known character

Hidden MessageOther teens use this product, so you should, too.You’ll be like the people in the ad if you use this product.

You’ll have a good time if youuse this product.You’ll look “cool” if you wearthese items.You’ll be popular like this char-acter if you use this product.

(IN·foh·mer·shuhl) is a long TV commercial whose main purposeseems to be to present information rather than to sell a product.Many infomercials are misleading because they look like televisionprograms.

Image ads pair a product or service with an attractive image.They may feature a famous athlete giving an endorsement. Theirmessage is: “If you buy this product or service, this could be you!”They suggest that buying and using a certain product or servicewill improve your life.

Evaluating AdvertisementsAlthough advertisements can provide consumers with important

information on health-related products and services, they can also bemisleading. They may exaggerate the good points of a product andomit or barely mention its negative aspects. They may blend factwith opinion, making it difficult to distinguish between the two. Partof being a wise consumer is recognizing your personal needs andwants. Ads will often try to convince you that what you need andwhat you want are the same thing, but sometimes they aren’t.

When advertisers’ claims sound too good to be true, they usuallyare. For example, product advertisements that promise “miracle”results in no time at all are usually misleading and often false.

Fraud is deliberate deceitor trickery. The makers offraudulent products and theproviders of such services mayclaim that they cure or preventdiseases and other health prob-lems. While some of theseproducts and services may notbe completely worthless, theirvalue is not as great as thecompany would like you to believe. Some may even beharmful to your health.

Advertisers often use celebrityendorsements to sell their prod-ucts. Why do you think celebrityendorsements might make peoplewant to buy certain products orservices?

Reading CheckUnderstand shades ofmeaning. The wordinfomercial is a recentaddition to the Englishlanguage. List the twowords that form the wordinfomercial.

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LESSON 3: CONSUMER CHOICES AND YOUR HEALTH 135

ADVERTISIN G TEC HNIQUE SADVERTISIN G TEC HNIQUE S

Hands-On

HealthHands-On

Health

Some advertisements don’t make theirclaims openly—they just suggest that some-thing is true. Advertisers may use images orcatchy phrases to imply that their product orservice is the best, that everyone is using it,or that you will be happy or well liked or playa sport like a professional if you buy it.

WHAT YOU WILL NEED

• colored pencils, crayons, or markers• magazines• poster board• scissors

WHAT YOU WILL DO1. In small groups of three or four students,

come up with an advertisement for a healthor fitness product that advances one ormore of the claims mentioned above.

2. Decide whether you want to create a newspaper or magazine ad, a script for a radio advertisement, or a series of sketchesshowing the action in a television ad. Ifyou choose to create a visual advertise-ment, use either images clipped from magazines or your own drawings.

3. Make your advertisement and present it tothe class.

4. Evaluate other groups’ advertisements.

IN CONCLUSION1. What did you learn by creating your own

advertisement?2. How do advertisements convince viewers to

buy a product or make them change theirminds about needing or wanting a product?


Reviewing Terms and Facts1. Vocabulary Define the term consumer.2. Identify List three influences on con-

sumer choices.3. Recall Describe two advertising tech-

niques aimed at teens.4. Explain How is an infomercial different

from an advertisement?

Thinking Critically5. Evaluate Rank these buying influences in

order of their importance to you: personal

factors, family background, peers, cost, advice of salespeople, advertising. Explainwhy you ranked these categories as you did.

6. Explain What can you do to avoid beinga victim of fraud?

Applying Health Skills7. Analyzing Influences Use critical

thinking to analyze and use health infor-mation such as interpreting media mes-sages: Find two ads for different brands ofthe same health care product. Review theinformation in the ads and write a briefparagraph explaining why you wouldchoose one product over the other.



Being an Informed Consumer

Teens as ConsumersLike most teens, you are a consumer. As you get older, you will

have more money to spend. As your purchasing power increases,so does your responsibility. Your buying decisions reflect what isimportant to you.

Teens are a valuable consumer market for retailers. According toa study by Teenage Research Unlimited, U.S. teens spent $155 bil-lion in the year 2000. Figure 5.7 shows on what products and ser-vices teens spend their money.

44

Imagine that you wantto buy acne medication.The store has three dif-ferent brands. Howwould you decide whichone to buy? List severalfactors that would be im-portant to you.

LessonLesson


LEARN ABOUT...• the questions to ask

before you purchasea product.

• the factors youshould considerwhen comparisonshopping.

• why it is importantto read product labels.

• what to do if you are dissatisfied witha product.

VOCABULARY• comparison shopping• generic products• warranty

23%

21%

17%

13%

26%

Food and Snacks

Clothing

Movies and Other Entertainment

Savings

Other

Source: Rand Youth Poll, 1999

FIGURE 5.7

TEEN PURCHASING POWERThis chart shows how teens ages 13 through 15 spent their money in1999. How close are these figures to your own spending patterns? Howmight the spending patterns of adults differ from the spending patterns of teens?

LESSON 4: BEING AN INFORMED CONSUMER 137

Think Before You BuyEvery year consumers spend billions of dollars on health-

related products such as toothpaste, shampoo, and skin cream.Companies invest money in advertising and promotions so that theycan convince people to buy their products. As a consumer, how doyou make wise buying choices? Below is a list of questions to consider before purchasing health products or any other item.

• Do I understand what the product does and how to use it?

• Is the product safe? Could the product or its packaging harmpeople or the environment?

• Is the product worth the price? Is there a similar product thatcosts less?

• What sets the product apart from similar products?

• Could the information on the package be misleading?

• Have I used other items made by the same company? Was I satisfied?

• What is the return policy of the company or store?

Comparison ShoppingMake a habit of comparison shopping, which means accessing

information, comparing products, evaluating their benefits, andchoosing products that offer the best value. For example, generic(juh·NEHR·ik) products are products sold in plain packages atlower prices than brand name products.

Suppose that you are atthe store and have tochoose between two bottles of shampoo.They’re sold for aboutthe same price. What information on the twobottles could help you tomake your decision?

MathCOMPARING UNIT PRICESAlways check the unitprice to determinewhich size product isthe better buy. For example, a 6-ouncepackage selling for $3 has a unit price of$0.50 per ounce($3.00 ÷ 6 = $0.50).An 8-ounce packageselling for $3.60has a unit price of$0.45 per ounce($3.60 ÷ 8 = $0.45).Calculate the unit priceof two different sizesof a health productthat you are thinkingof buying. Which one isthe better value?


Generic products can save you money when they are equal inquality to brand name items. Look at labels to compare the ingre-dients in a generic product and a similar brand name product. Figure 5.8 offers some other tips for comparison shopping.

Reading Product LabelsThe labels on health products can help you make smart buy-

ing decisions. Labels also offer guidance for the safe and properuse of the product. Figure 5.9 on the next page shows the infor-mation that labels typically provide. It also suggests how to usethe information wisely. If a product label’s information seemsconfusing or incomplete, speak with your doctor or pharmacist,or contact the manufacturer.

Cost Compare prices of the same brand in differentstores. Check newspapers for sales.

FeaturesAvoid paying for features that you don’t need.However, do pay for features that you find espe-cially useful or desirable.

QualityWell-made products generally offer superior performance to those that are poorly made. Acheap product is no bargain if it falls apart ordoesn’t work.

WarrantyBefore you buy a costly product, ask about thewarranty. A warranty is a company’s or a store’swritten agreement to repair a product or refundyour money should the product not functionproperly. Always read the fine print on a warrantybecause it may cover only certain aspects of aproduct or its use.

RecommendationsTalk to people who have used the products thatyou are considering buying. These might be par-ents, guardians, or other trusted adults. You mayalso get information from the library or reliablemedia sources such as consumer reports. Askquestions and read articles to find out which products have earned recommendations.

FIGURE 5.8

COMPARISONSHOPPING

Consumer maga-zines can help youcompare health and fitness productsand decide whichone is the best buy. What other resourcescan help you with decisions before or during your shopping trip?


Your Rights As a ConsumerThe U.S. Constitution guarantees citizens basic rights such as free-

dom of speech and religion. Consumers also have certain rights,which are explained in Figure 5.10 on the next page.

A

B C

D

E

F

G

Product NameDon’t rely solely on aproduct’s name to deter-mine its purpose. Readthe label.

Amount in ContainerWhen you compare prices,check the amount containedin each package.

Product’s Intended UseMake sure that the product’spurpose suits your needs.

WarningsPay attention to warn-ings against using theproduct improperly.

Directions for UseFor best results, read and followthe directions on the product label.

IngredientsIf two brands list the sameingredients in the same or-der, they probably offer simi-lar results. If you are allergicto a particular substance,check the label to make surethat the product does notcontain that substance.

Manufacturer’s ContactInformationContact the manufacturerof the product if you havea problem or question.

FIGURE 5.9

WHAT LABELS TELL YOULabels provide important product information.Be sure to read the label before using a product.

FIGURE 5.10

CONSUMER RIGHTSSee the list below to learn more about your rights as a consumer. Why do you think these rights are important?

• Consumers have the rightto safety. They should beable to purchase productsand services that will notharm them.

• Consumers have the rightto choose. They should havethe opportunity to select frommany products and servicesat competitive prices.

• Consumers have the rightto be informed. They de-serve truthful informationabout products and services.

COMMUNICATION SKILLSExercising Your Consumer Rights

What would you do if you bought a de-fective product? If a product does not work,you have a right to complain. The followingtips explain what you can do to make theprocess smoother.

• Keep all your sales receipts.

• Check any warranties on the product.

• Depending on the store’s policy, you canask for a refund or an exchange, or youcan request that the product be repaired.

• If you would like a refund or an exchange,take the product to the store where youpurchased it. Ask to speak to someonewho can handle your complaint. Stateyour problem calmly, and then offer yoursolution. If the person does not agree toyour solution, ask to see a manager.

• If the store refuses to honor your request,you can take your complaint to a specialconsumer rights group.

• If you want the product repaired, take theproduct to an authorized service center, ormail it to the manufacturer.


ON YOUR OWNImagine that a health product you purchased was defective. Write a conversationbetween yourself and the storemanager. Explain why you are dissatisfied with the product and request a repair, exchange, or refund.


• Consumers have the rightto be heard. They should beable to join in the making oflaws that affect them.

• Consumers have the rightto have problems cor-rected. They have the rightto complain when they havebeen treated unfairly.

• Consumers have the rightto consumer education.They should have an oppor-tunity to learn the skills nec-essary to help them makewise choices.



Reviewing Terms and Facts1. Recall What questions should you keep

in mind when you’re trying to decidewhether or not to buy a product?

2. Vocabulary Define the term comparisonshopping.

3. Identify What is a warranty?4. List What are four types of groups

that can assist consumers?

Thinking Critically5. Analyze When would reading a prod-

uct’s label prevent injury?

6. Apply Choose two local stores and con-tact your local Better Business Bureau tofind out about the experiences consumershave had with those stores.

Applying Health Skills7. Communication Skills With a partner,

write and act out a skit about returning aproduct, such as an appliance or tooth-paste. Remember: The customer wants agood product. The store owner or managerwants to make money, run a responsiblebusiness, and keep the customer happy.Have your characters reach a fair solution.

Usually your rights as a consumer are recognized and respectedwherever you purchase goods. Sometimes, however, more action isnecessary. If you try to resolve a problem that you experience witha product and are dissatisfied with the result, you can seek helpfrom any of the following groups.

• Consumer advocates are people or groups who devote them-selves to helping consumers with problems. These include theConsumers Union and local consumer groups.

• Business organizations also assist consumers. The Better Busi-ness Bureau, for example, has a network of offices around thecountry that deal with complaints against local merchants.

• Local, state, and federal government agenciesmake sure that consumers’ rights are protected.Among the federal agencies are the Food andDrug Administration and the ConsumerProduct Safety Commission.

• Small-claims courts are state courtsthat handle legal disputes involvingamounts of money below a certainlimit. The amount varies from stateto state, ranging from $500 to$10,000. Both the consumer andthe store present their cases to ajudge, who hears both sides andmakes a decision.


When you go to aconsumer advocatefor help, it’s a goodidea to be organized.What informationcould be helpfulwhen you explainyour problem?


Health Care Providersand Services

The Goals of Health CareWhen was the last time you visited a doctor’s office or health

clinic? Perhaps you had a sore throat and a fever, or maybe yousprained your wrist playing a sport. Health care professionals treatthese and many other kinds of illnesses and injuries. In addition,health care professionals provide wellness exams to prevent dis-eases and injuries.

Health care professionals—including school nurses, counselors,health teachers, dental hygienists, and dietitians—also work to ed-ucate people and help them stay healthy. Numerous voluntary organizations, such as the American Heart Association and theAmerican Cancer Society, offer health-related information and ser-vices. People donate time and money to these groups. The donatedfunds help to pay for medical research and treatment.

55

Why do you think thereis a need for specialistsin addition to familyphysicians?

LessonLesson


LEARN ABOUT...• the goals of health

care.• the types of health

care providers andfacilities.

• the types of insur-ance that help payfor health care.

VOCABULARY• primary care provider• specialist• health insurance• managed care• health maintenance

organization (HMO)• preferred provider

organization (PPO)• point-of-service

(POS) plan

Immunization is a form of disease prevention, one of health care’s twomain functions. The other purpose of health care is the treatment ofdiseases and injuries. Why do you think immunization is important?

LESSON 5: HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS AND SERVICES 143

Some health care professionals provide general care,while others have special training to handle specificmedical problems. Primary care providers are thehealth care professionals who provide checkups andgeneral care. Family physicians and nurse practitionersare examples of primary care providers. For some problems, a doctor may recommend a specialist. A specialist (SPE·shuh·list) is a health care professionaltrained to treat patients who have problems in specificareas. Some examples of medical specialists are dermatologists, allergists, and ophthalmologists.

Health Care FacilitiesHealth care is available in many different places.

Some of the most obvious sites that provide health care are school nurses’ offices, doctors’ offices, clinics, hospitals, andemergency rooms.

Health care facilities also include birthing centers, nursinghomes, and drug treatment centers. Rehabilitation centers aid peo-ple in recovering from serious illness or injury. Hospices providecare and support for terminally ill (dying) patients.

ACCESSING INFORMATIONMedical Specialists

Medical specialists deal with the func-tions, disorders, and care of specific areasof the body. Below is a list of medical spe-cialists and their areas of expertise. Whichof these specialists are familiar to you?

• ALLERGISTS treat people with asthma, hayfever, and other allergy-related disorders.

• CARDIOLOGISTS specialize in the heartand cardiovascular system.

• DERMATOLOGISTS specialize in the skin.

• GYNECOLOGISTS focus on the femalereproductive system.

• OPHTHALMOLOGISTS’ specialty is the eye.

• ORTHOPEDISTS specialize in bones,joints, and muscles.

• PEDIATRICIANS treat infants, children,and young teens.

• PLASTIC SURGEONS perform recon-structive and cosmetic surgery.

• PSYCHIATRISTS specialize in mental andemotional issues.

• UROLOGISTS specialize in the urinarysystem.

• ORTHODONTISTSare specialists indentistry whofocus on thealignment ofthe teethand jaw.

ON YOUR OWNResearch one of the medical specialties listed here. Prepare a report about the reasons why a person might need to see such a specialist. Present your report to the class.


Specialists’ expertise islimited to specific areasof the body. When mightyou consider going to aspecialist instead of yourfamily doctor?


Health InsuranceMedical care is often very expensive. Surgery and hospital stays,

for example, typically cost thousands of dollars. To pay for healthcare, many people buy health insurance. Health insurance is a planin which a person pays a set fee to an insurance company in returnfor the company’s agreement to pay some or all medical expenses.Although plans vary in what they cover, most of the cost of doctors’visits, hospital stays, and medication is usually included.

Private Health Care PlansMany people receive health services through managed care plans.

Managed care plans are health plans that emphasize preventivemedicine and work to control the cost and maintain the quality ofhealth care. Managed care is offered by health maintenance orga-nizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), andpoint-of-service (POS) plans.

A health maintenance organization (HMO) is a health insur-ance plan that contracts with selected physicians and specialists toprovide medical services. Rather than pay for individual services,members pay a monthly fee. In addition, when a member visits aparticipating physician or specialist, he or she usually makes a copayment, a flat fee for a medical service that is covered under a health insurance plan.

A preferred provider organization (PPO), avariation on the HMO, is a health insurance planthat allows its members to select a physicianwho participates in the plan or visit the physi-cian of their choice. Patients who decide to usetheir own doctors must pay a deductible, a por-tion of health care expenses that must be paidbefore the insurance coverage applies.

A point-of-service (POS) plan is a healthinsurance plan that combines the features ofHMOs and PPOs. POS plans allow members tovisit participating doctors or seek care outsidethe network at a higher cost.

Managed care plans emphasize preventive medicineand work to control the cost of health care.

Reading CheckCreate your own opinionstatement. In your opin-ion, which health careplan is the best?

✔

LESSON 5: HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS AND SERVICES 145


Reviewing Terms and Facts1. Vocabulary Define the terms primary

care provider and specialist.2. List Identify three medical specialists, and

explain their functions.3. Distinguish What is the difference

between an HMO and a PPO?4. Identify What is a POS plan?5. Recall What are two examples of pro-

grams provided by health departments?

Thinking Critically6. Apply How can you cooperate with your

health care provider during a healthscreening?

7. Analyze Explain the role of preventivehealth measures, immunizations, and treat-ment in disease prevention.

Applying Health Skills8. Accessing Information Use Internet

resources to find out about the AmericanHeart Association or another voluntaryhealth organization. What is the organiza-tion’s purpose? How does it work? Sharewith your class what you’ve learned.

Government Health Care ProgramsFederal, state, and local governments each play a role in health

care. All states, counties, and most large cities have health depart-ments. These departments help develop health-related policies andlaws, and work to maintain community health standards. For ex-ample, health department officials inspect restaurants to ensurethat sanitary practices are being followed. Health departments alsoprovide health-related information, services, and programs. Theseprograms include immunizations and well-baby checkups.

MathDOCTOR’S BILLSSuppose that you area member of a PPO.You are ill and visityour family physician.However, she is not amember of the PPO, soyou will have to payhigher fees for med-ical services. The billis $90. If the insur-ance company will payonly 70% of the cost,how much will youhave to pay?

Local health department workers promotecommunity health and prevent disease by talk-ing with people and distributing information.Look for at least one or two examples of commu-nity health services in your town or region.


means your feet roll inward each time your heelstrikes the ground. Pronators need a shoe spe-cially built to keep this from happening. If yourheel is worn more on the outside, you’re an un-derpronator, which means you need a shoe with more cushioning.

Not Just Any ShoeAs a general rule, if you do the same type of

physical activity three or more times a week, youneed a sport-specific shoe. The exceptions: bas-ketball, running, and aerobics. These sportsalways require special shoes, regardless of howoften you participate in them. Basketball andaerobics involve movements that demand goodstability. Look for a sneaker with a high back, or“profile,” that will keep your foot from rollingover. Otherwise you’ll risk painful ankle sprains.

Many people assume that it’s all right to walk in

You’re playing basketball, when suddenlyone of your big toes starts to ache. Likemost athletes, you try to play through the

pain—but by the end of the game, it’s hard foryou to even walk to the locker room.

“Jogger’s toe” is a common sports injury. It happens when constant pounding of the toesagainst the toe box (front) of athletic shoes caus-es bleeding under the toenail. Wearing sneakersthat are too big can cause jogger’s toe, as thisleaves room for the feet to slide forward.

According to the American Academy ofOrthopedic Surgeons, 43 million Americans havefoot problems. Yet, like jogger’s toe, many footinjuries are preventable if you choose the rightfootwear for a particular activity.

Start by examining one of your sneakers on aflat surface. If the heel is worn more on the inside than the outside, you’re a pronator. That

Do theShoesFIT?


In sports, wearing the right footwear isas important as how you play the game.

the sport or activity. Check that you have athumb’s width—about one-half inch—of spacebetween the front of the sneaker and the tip ofyour toes, or enough room for your toes to wiggle.

Follow these tips to help keep the tips of yourtoes—and the rest of your feet—injury free!

almost any shoe because walking is not asdemanding as running. Not true, according to Dr.Carol Frye of the orthopedic academy: “Walkingshoes should be at least two and a half inches thick in the heel area, giving you comfortablecushioning,” she says. “They should also have arocker-sole design that encourages the foot’s nat-ural roll as you move.”

Runners need even more cushioning becausethey’re constantly pounding their feet. The frontof running shoes should be flexible, because run-ners tend to push out with each stride. It alsohelps if the outer soles have deep, wide treads.

Shoe-Shopping TipsWhen you’re shopping for sneakers, try them

on 30 minutes to one hour after you’ve exercised.That way, the foot is still fully expanded. Alwayswear the type of socks you’ll be wearing during

About Athletic Shoe FitImagine that you are working in a storethat sells athletic shoes. You want to create a list of helpful guidelines for customers who are trying on shoes. Usingthis article as a resource, create a check-list for consumers that features importantpoints to remember when searching for aproperly fitting athletic shoe.

Anatomy of a Sneaker

“Roll off” is the term forthe curved front of thesneaker, where there issome space betweenthe shoe’s undersideand the ground.

The treads on thesole help estab-lish friction.

The height ofthe backgives side-to-side stability.

The cush-ions in theheel andthe side ofthe anklehelp absorbthe impactof repeatedpounding.

The heightof thesneaker’sheel re-ducesstress andpreventsinjury.

TIME HEALTH: DO THE SHOES FIT? 147

ACCESSING INFORMATIONBUILDING

SKILLSHEALTH BUILDING

SKILLSHEALTH

FINDINGFINDINGHYGIENE FACTS

ModelPart of practicing personal hygiene (cleanliness) is getting ac-

curate, reliable information. Read about how Samantha uses theskill of accessing information before making a health decision.

Samantha wants to get the top of one ear pierced. She hassaved up enough money from her allowance to pay for theprocedure, but her parents want to know more about it beforethey give her permission. Samantha makes a list of questionsand gets information from several sources. She talks to herdoctor, friends who have had that part of their ears pierced,and the employees of a jewelry store. She goes to the local li-brary and photocopies magazine articles by health experts,and she also reviews several health-related Web sites.


Where can I get the top of my ear pierced?

How do they do it?

What do I have to do to take care of it?

How will I know if there is a problem, like an infection?

Are there any side effects? Will they last a long time?

PracticeRead about Ian, a teen who is considering making a change

that could affect his health, and answer the questions below.

Although Ian likes wearing his glasses, he feels that they arein the way now that he has joined the basketball league. Heworries about someone knocking into him and breaking them.Ian would like to get contact lenses, but he’s not sure of thepros and cons of glasses and contact lenses. Moreover, Iandoesn’t know much about the types of lenses that might be bestfor him or how sensitive his eyes are.

1. Where can Ian go to find reliable information about contactlenses?

2.How can he be sure that the information he finds is accurateand objective?

Apply/AssessImagine that you are in a situation similar to Ian’s. First, develop

guidelines for evaluating health information. Then find sources ofinformation regarding one of the following hygiene-relatedproducts: tooth whitener, acrylic nails, hair dye, self-tanning cream.

Remember to identify all of your sources and explain whythey are reliable and accurate. Consult trusted adults, such asyour parents or guardians, and use resources such as the Inter-net, magazines, newspapers, books, and printed materials fromrecognized organizations. You can also talk to someone whohas had experience with the product that you’re interested in.Present your findings to the class in a one-page report.

Self - Check• Did I find

sources of infor-mation on a hygiene-relatedproduct?

• Did I check theaccuracy of thesources that provided informa-tion on the prod-uct that I chose?

• How did I deter-mine that theinformation wasaccurate?

BUILDING HEALTH SKILLS: FINDING HYGIENE FACTS 149

COACH’S BOX

Ask yourself thesequestions aboutany source of infor-mation.• Is it scientific?• Does it give only

one point ofview?

• Is it trying tosell something?

• Does it agreewith othersources?

Accessing Information


5ASSESSMENT

[ ]• ophthalmologist• melanin• decibels• follicles• dandruff

• head lice• pores• epidermis• dermis• ultraviolet rays

On a sheet of paper, write the numbers10–18. Write True or False for each statementbelow. If the statement is false, change the un-derlined word or phrase to make it true.

Lesson 310. Deliberate deceit or trickery in advertising

is known as fraud.11. An infomercial is a statement of approval.12. Advertising consists of messages that

try to convince you to buy a product orservice.

Lesson 413. Brand name products come in plain

packages.14. Important factors in comparison shopping

include the cost, features, quality, andwarranty of the product or service.

Lesson 515. A nurse practitioner is an example of a

specialist.16. Orthopedists are specialists in dentistry

who focus on the alignment of the teethand jaw.

17. Health insurance is a plan in which a per-son pays a set fee to an insurance companyin return for the company’s agreement to pay some or all medical expenses.

18. Managed care is a health plan that empha-sizes preventive medicine and that strivesto manage the cost and maintain the qual-ity of health care.

Thinking CriticallyUsing complete sentences, answer the

following questions on a sheet of paper.

19. Explain How are healthy teeth the result of both good hygiene and a well-balanced diet?

20. Predict How might allowing eye or earproblems to go untreated affect other ar-eas of your health?

After You Read

Use your completed Foldable toreview the information on caringfor teeth, skin, hair, and nails.

Reviewing Vocabulary and Concepts

On a sheet of paper, write the numbers 1–9.After each number, write the term from the listthat best completes each statement.

5ASSESSMENTCHAPTERCHAPTER

Lesson 11. is the substance that gives

skin its color.2. The layer of skin that contains blood ves-

sels is called the . It is coveredby the .

3. Hair grows from structures called.

4. Tiny openings in the skin are .5. can increase the risk of skin

cancer.6. is a flaking of the outer layer

of dead skin cells on the scalp.7. are tiny insects that live on

the hair shaft.

Lesson 28. A(n) is a physician who spe-

cializes in diseases of the eye.9. The loudness of sound is measured in

.

Standardized

TH05_C2.glencoe.com/quiz CHAPTER 5 ASSESSMENT 151

Career CornerCareer Corner

Audiologist A teen who hears a ringing in hisor her ears after attending a loud concert mayneed to seek help from an audiologist. Audiolo-gists treat people who have suffered a hearinginjury or who have a hearing disorder. Theseprofessionals also test noise levels in work-places to determine whether these levels aresafe for workers.

Audiologists have four years of college and atwo-year advanced degree. Find out more aboutthis and other health careers by clicking onCareer Corner at health.glencoe.com.

What causes goose bumps? Wind andcold weather stimulate receptors in your skin,and these receptors send a signal to yourbrain. Your brain sends a signal back to yourskin, causing the blood vessels there to ex-pand and the tiny muscles on each hair folli-cle to contract. These almost invisible hairfollicles stand up straight, resulting in goosebumps.

Something similar happens when youshiver. Cold air hits your skin, receptors in theskin send a message to your brain, and yourbrain signals muscles all over your body tocontract and relax repeatedly. All this musclework helps generate heat to keep you warm.

Read the paragraphs below andthen answer the questions.

1. Because cold air stimulates receptors inyour skin, the

receptors expand.

receptors contract.

receptors send a message to yourheart.

receptors send a message to yourbrain.

2. The author develops the third paragraph by

describing shivering.

comparing goose bumps andshivering.

explaining what makes you shiver.

describing how you keep warm.

3. Write a paragraph describing how the skinregulates body temperature.

21. Synthesize How can analyzing advertis-ing claims for health care products helpyou make wise purchasing decisions?

22. Assess Do you think that companiesshould be required to provide health in-surance for employees and their families?Why or why not?

Test Practice


http://TH05_C2.glencoe.com/quiz

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Chapter 5: Personal Health and Consumer Choices€¦ · Acne Acne is a skin condition that occurs when active oil glands cause hair follicles to become clogged. It often appears during