Chapter 5 Lesson 12 A Divided Nation. The student will interpret sectional differences in the North and South during the Civil War (i.e., a map of the

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Lesson 12Lesson 12

A Divided NationA Divided Nation

The student willThe student will

interpret sectional differences in the interpret sectional differences in the North and South during the Civil War North and South during the Civil War (i.e., a map of the Union, (i.e., a map of the Union, Confederate, and border states, Confederate, and border states, pictorial representations of crop pictorial representations of crop production, reading timelines, and production, reading timelines, and interpreting bar graphs showing interpreting bar graphs showing human, natural, and manmade human, natural, and manmade resources).resources).


By 1861, the United States had 34 By 1861, the United States had 34 states. Eleven were in the South. The states. Eleven were in the South. The rest were in the North or on the West rest were in the North or on the West Coast. Coast.


For some time, disagreements between For some time, disagreements between the northern and southern states had been the northern and southern states had been growing. Most had to do with the different growing. Most had to do with the different ways of life and economies that developed ways of life and economies that developed in each region.in each region.

The years before the Civil War are called The years before the Civil War are called the the antebellum periodantebellum period. During that time . During that time sectional differencessectional differences had been on the had been on the rise. By 1861, relations between the North rise. By 1861, relations between the North and South were at their worst. The and South were at their worst. The Civil Civil WarWar was about to begin. was about to begin.

The Southern Plantation The Southern Plantation LifestyleLifestyle

Sectional differences developed Sectional differences developed between the North and the South between the North and the South largely as a result of climate and largely as a result of climate and land. In the South, the warm climate land. In the South, the warm climate and fertile soil were perfect for and fertile soil were perfect for growing such crops as tobacco, growing such crops as tobacco, cotton, and sugar cane. cotton, and sugar cane.


These were called cash crops These were called cash crops because they were sold in large because they were sold in large quantities for money.quantities for money.

Tobacco Cotton Sugar Cane


Southern settlers Southern settlers grew their crops on grew their crops on large farms called large farms called plantationsplantations. Many . Many workers were workers were needed to work on needed to work on the plantations.the plantations.


Africans were brought to the United Africans were brought to the United States against their will and sold into States against their will and sold into slavery. Plantation owners bought the slavery. Plantation owners bought the African captives. As African captives. As slavesslaves, African , African and African American captives had no and African American captives had no civil rights and were not paid for their civil rights and were not paid for their work. Those who tried to escape work. Those who tried to escape enslavement were arrested, whipped, enslavement were arrested, whipped, and sometimes killed.and sometimes killed.

This is a photograph showing a group of Plantation Slaves. The photograph was taken on Smith's Plantation, Beaufort, South Carolina. It shows a group of about 30 blacks gathered around a large slave cabin.


Enslaved people were forced to Enslaved people were forced to perform hard labor and were often perform hard labor and were often mistreated. mistreated.

Slave owners could separate families Slave owners could separate families any time they wanted by selling any time they wanted by selling husbands, wives, and children.husbands, wives, and children.


In contrast to the life of a slave, the In contrast to the life of a slave, the life of wealthy plantation families life of wealthy plantation families was relatively easy.was relatively easy.

The head of household did not have to do The head of household did not have to do housework, because enslaved women and housework, because enslaved women and children did all the cooking and cleaning.children did all the cooking and cleaning.


Though fewer than half of all white Though fewer than half of all white southerners belonged to slave-southerners belonged to slave-owning families, according to the owning families, according to the 1860 census, most southerners 1860 census, most southerners agreed with the practice of slavery.agreed with the practice of slavery.

Life in the NorthLife in the North

The cooler climate and rocky soil in The cooler climate and rocky soil in the North contributed to a way of life the North contributed to a way of life that was very different from that in that was very different from that in the South. the South.

Though most northerners lived in Though most northerners lived in rural areas during this time, farms rural areas during this time, farms were smaller.were smaller.

Farmers grew food crops more than Farmers grew food crops more than cash crops.cash crops.


In the North, trade and industry grew to In the North, trade and industry grew to be more important than farming.be more important than farming.

The growing number of businesses were The growing number of businesses were the result of advances in manufacturing, the result of advances in manufacturing, transportation, and communication, as transportation, and communication, as well as conflicts like the War of 1812.well as conflicts like the War of 1812.

Cities in the North grew as well, as Cities in the North grew as well, as people moved from rural areas to find people moved from rural areas to find work in factories.work in factories.


The success of the northern economy The success of the northern economy was not dependent on slavery.was not dependent on slavery.

By the mid-1800’s, an increasing By the mid-1800’s, an increasing number of northerners opposed number of northerners opposed slavery.slavery.

People called People called abolitionistsabolitionists wanted wanted to end, or abolish, slavery in the to end, or abolish, slavery in the South.South.


Famous AbolitionistsFamous Abolitionists

Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison

Published “The Liberator”

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Harriet Tubman

Underground Railroad


Some northerners helped slaves Some northerners helped slaves escape to the North and to Canada, escape to the North and to Canada, where slavery had been illegal since where slavery had been illegal since 1833.1833.

Tensions over SlaveryTensions over Slavery

Slavery became a major issue in the Slavery became a major issue in the United States during the 1850’s.United States during the 1850’s.

During this time, a series of laws and During this time, a series of laws and cases relating to slavery heightened cases relating to slavery heightened tensions over the issuetensions over the issue


A group of laws known as the Compromise A group of laws known as the Compromise of 1850 gave new territories the power to of 1850 gave new territories the power to decide for themselves whether they decide for themselves whether they wanted slavery.wanted slavery.

They made the newly created state of They made the newly created state of California a free state. California a free state.

The Compromise of 1850 also required The Compromise of 1850 also required people in free states to return escaped people in free states to return escaped slaves to their owners in slave states.slaves to their owners in slave states.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850


A law passed in 1854, called the Kansas-A law passed in 1854, called the Kansas-Nebraska Act, gave the people of these Nebraska Act, gave the people of these two new territories the power to decide two new territories the power to decide whether slavery would be permitted there.whether slavery would be permitted there.

Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery proponents Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery proponents clashed violently, earning the territory the clashed violently, earning the territory the nickname “Bleeding Kansas”.nickname “Bleeding Kansas”.

The violence only ebbed after Kansas was The violence only ebbed after Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state in admitted to the Union as a free state in 1861.1861.


An important court case in 1857 An important court case in 1857 showed that the issue of slavery showed that the issue of slavery would be difficult to solve in the would be difficult to solve in the courts or in Congress.courts or in Congress.

In the Dred Scott Decision, the In the Dred Scott Decision, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Roger Brooke TaneyRoger Brooke Taney, declared that , declared that no black person could be a U.S. no black person could be a U.S. citizen.citizen.


This meant that enslaved people This meant that enslaved people could not claim freedom just because could not claim freedom just because they lived in a free state, as former they lived in a free state, as former slave slave Dred ScottDred Scott had attempted. had attempted.

The court also said that Congress did The court also said that Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery not have the power to outlaw slavery in U.S. territories, due to the Fifth in U.S. territories, due to the Fifth Amendment.Amendment.

Southern SecessionSouthern Secession

Northern politicians who opposed Northern politicians who opposed slavery were upset over the case.slavery were upset over the case.

In 1854 they formed the Republican In 1854 they formed the Republican Party.Party.

The first Republican president, The first Republican president, Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln, was elected in 1860. , was elected in 1860.

With a Republican in the White House, With a Republican in the White House, leaders in the South knew their way of leaders in the South knew their way of life was in danger. life was in danger.


Abraham Lincoln

•First Republican president

•Opposed new states being slave states


In December of 1860, South Carolina In December of 1860, South Carolina secededseceded, or broke away from the , or broke away from the Union, Union, declaring that it was no declaring that it was no longer part of the United States.longer part of the United States.

In January 1861, Mississippi, Florida, In January 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana also Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana also seceded. They formed a new seceded. They formed a new country, the Confederate States of country, the Confederate States of America, or the America, or the ConfederacyConfederacy..


Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis, a former senator , a former senator from Mississippi, was elected from Mississippi, was elected president of the Confederacy.president of the Confederacy.

Between March and April, Texas, Between March and April, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee also joined the and Tennessee also joined the Confederacy.Confederacy.


Soon, the Union was left with just 23 Soon, the Union was left with just 23 states.states.

States that lay on the boundary between States that lay on the boundary between the North and South were known as the North and South were known as border states.border states. Including Delaware, Including Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri.Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri.

The border states tried to stay neutral, The border states tried to stay neutral, but most ended up with loyalties to the but most ended up with loyalties to the Union.Union.

1.What part of the southern economy was dependent on slavery?

A.large factories

B.small family farms

C.trade with European countries

D.plantations

1.What part of the southern economy was dependent on slavery?

D. plantations

2. Which region made up the Confederate States of America?

A.New England

B.most of the South

C.unorganized territories in the West

D.Canada

2. Which region made up the Confederate States of America?

B. most of the South

3. Abolitionists were

A.people from northern states who opposed slavery.

B.government leaders of the Confederate States.

C.people from rural areas in the North and South.

D.slave owners who wanted to secede from the Union.

3. Abolitionists were

A. people from Northern states who opposed slavery.

Documents

Chapter 5 Lesson 12 A Divided Nation. The student will interpret sectional differences in the North and South during the Civil War (i.e., a map of the