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Chapter 5
Integumentary
System
Learning Outcomes:
Describe the Integumentary system List the functions of the skin Indentify medical words related to the
Integumentary system Describe laboratory tests and
procedures related to the Integumentary system
Identify and define some abbreviations
Integumentary System Includes:
Skin (cutaneous membrane) Subcutaneous tissue below the skin Accessory Structures
Sweat glands Sebaceous or oil glands Hair Nails
Introduction:
The Integumentary system is also known as the skin.
This includes hair, nails and glands. (Known as the Accessory Organs)
Integument means covering Skin is the outer covering of the body Weighs about 8 to 10 pounds Covers 18 to 22 square feet of an adult
Functions:
Protective membrane Maintains and regulates body
temperature (holds moisture in) Acts as receptors for sensation
Such as pain, pressure, pleasure (touch), temperature
Fights off bacterial invasion
Structure:
Varies through out the body Stretchable and tough with different
thickness Thick on palms of hand, soles of feet Thin on eyelids Initially firm and elastic, but with age
becomes dry and wrinkled Three layers
Epidermis:
Outer most totally cellular layer: basal; prickle-cell; granular; clear; and horny.
Composed of epithelium (squamous) which covers the internal and external surfaces of the body
Has no blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, connective tissue, cartilage or fat
Depends on the deeper dermis (corium) for nourishment
Epidermis contd:
Deepest layer in the epidermis is called the basal layer
Cells in the basal layer are always growing and multiplying
As they die they are pushed upwards and away from the blood supply of the dermis layer by younger cells
These cells then shrink, loose their nuclei, die and become filled with a hard protein called keratin which are then called Horney cells.
Epidermis contd:
Cells die at the same rate at which they are born
Basal Layer contain cells called melanocytes.
Melanocytes contain black pigment called Melanin
Amount of active Melanin in our skin dictates the color of our skin
Dermis:
Second layer Also known as the corium Living tissue composed of blood, lymph,
vessels and nerve fibers as well as the accessory organs of the skin
Contains connective tissue cells and fibers that support this system
Has 3 different types of connective tissue cells
Dermis contd:
Fibroblasts: acts to repair an injury to the skin
Histiocytes: protects the body surface by surrounding foreign materials
Mast Cells: contain histamine, a substance released in allergies that causes itching
Dermis contd: Fibers in the dermis are composed of
collagen Collagen means ‘glue’ It is a fibrous protein material found in
bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments as well as the skin
It is tough but also flexible. Collagen fibers support and protect the
blood and nerve networks that pass through the dermis
Subcutaneous:
Beneath the skin containing adipose tissue, connective tissue, vessels and nerves
Protects deeper tissues of the body Acts as a heat insulator Connects the Dermis to the muscles and
organs below it.
Accessory Organs of the skin:
Hair Composed of a network of horny cells
filled with a hard protein called Keratin Deep –lying cells in the hair roots move
forward through the hair follicles, or shafts that hold the hair fibers creating growth
Melanocytes are located at the root of the hair follicles
Nails Hard Keratin plates that cover the top
surface of the last bone of each finger and toe.
Composed of Horney cells that are cemented together and can extend indefinitely until cut or broken
Nail grows in thickness and length as a result of division of cells in the region of the nail root (base)
Glands: Sebaceous
Located in the dermal layer Located through out body except in the
palms and soles of feet. Secrete an oily substance called Sebum It lubricates the skin and minimizes
water loss Influenced by sex hormones.
Sebaceous Gland
These glands produce a substance called sebum.
This oil spreads out on the skins surface making the skin: more flexible and waterproof.
Sweat:
Tiny coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces (~2 mil)
A large number are found in the palm of your hand and sole of feet
The tiny opening on the surface is called a pore
Sweat cools the body as it evaporates Perspiration is controlled by the
sympathetic nervous system
Root words:
Aden/o Gland Adip/o Fat Albin/o White Aut/o Self Bi/o Life Blephar/o Eyelid Carcin/o Carcinoma Cutane/o Skin
Root Words Contd:
Cry/o Cold Cyan/o Blue Derm/o, Dermat/o Skin Diaphor/o Profuse sweating Erythem/o Red Hidr/o sweat Histi/o Tissue Kerat/o Hard, horny like
Root Words contd:
Leuk/o White Lip/o Fat Melan/o Black Myc/o Fungus Necr/o Deat (cell or body) Onych/o Nail Pil/o Hair Py/o Pus
Root words Contd:
Sclera/o Hardening Seb/o Sebum Squam/o scale Steat/o Fat Xanth/o Yellow
Prefix:
Epi- On, over, upon Para- Beside, beyond,
around Per- through Sub- Under, below
Suffix:
-itis inflammation -malacia softening -opsy view of -orrhea excessive
flow/discharge
-phagia eating or swallowing
-plasty surgical repair
Papule
Small solid elevation of the skin < 1 cm in diameter e.g. pimple
Nodule Solid elevation of the skin >1cm in diameter e.g. enlarged lymph
node
Very large nodule is a Tumor
Testing:Two major ways:
Bacterial analysisPerformed by taking a sample of a purulent
(pus filled) material or exudates (fluid that accumulates in the space of tissue)
Fungal testing:Occurs when scrapings from the skin
lesion are placed on a growth medium for several weeks and then examined for evidence of fungal growth.
Statement of the Problem
Even though we have been educated on the dangers of skin cancer and its prevention, Melanoma/skin cancer continues to increase at an alarming rate.
Prevention
Sun Block Reduce your Exposure of the Sun Protective Clothing Self Exam Dermatology visits Education and Awareness
Need to review:
Diagnostic and Lab test page 114 – 115 Abbreviations page 115
Anatomy of the Skin
Upper layer of skin is called EPIDERMIS
EPI- means on top of
DERMIS means skin
The lower layer of skin is called the DERMIS.