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Field Study
144
CHAPTER 5
FIELD STUDY
5.1 Introduction
This chapter is based on primary data gathered from field study. Using
this data the hypotheses have been tested. For this we have used a statistical
technique ie. chi-square test.
We have collected cross sectional data from both practitioners and non
practitioners. Samples have been drawn from companies like Infosys, IBM and
Nokia. Out of 150 samples number of practitioners is 80 and number of non
practitioners is 70. Separate questionnaire was administered for the groups.
5.2 Profile of Respondents
As said earlier samples were drawn from the three companies. We made
purposive sampling to examine the impact of spiritual practices. Below we
have presented the profile of respondents.
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5.2 PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS
Name of the
Corporate
INFOSYS IBM NOKIA
Age group 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 + 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 + 20-30 31-40 41-50 51 +
Age wise
distribution
8 25 14 3 4 29 13 - 3 27 14 6
Sex wise
distribution
Male Female Male Female Male Female
28 22 32 18 37 13
Tire wise
distribution
Top
Managers
Middle
Tier
Lower
Tier
Top
Managers
Middle
Tier
Lower
Tier
Top
Managers
Middle
Tier
Lower
Tier
10 40 - 4 46 - 8 42 -
Practitioner 35 28 17
Non
practitioner
15 22 33
Total 50 50 50
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Profile of respondents table is in landscape please print and add
5.3 Ratio of Practitioners to Non Practitioners
Here an attempt is made to examine and test the views of respondents on
the spiritual practices.
Table 5.1 Distribution of respondents by organizations
Category Practitioner Non- Practitioner Total
Corp
Infosys Count 35 15 50
% within practice 43.8% 21.4% 33.3%
IBM Count 28 22 50
% within practice 35.0% 31.4% 33.3%
Nokia Count 17 33 50
% within practice 21.2% 47.1% 33.3%
Total Count 80 70 150
% within practice 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Source: Field Survey
Figure 5.1
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147
The above cross tabulation and chi-square tests revealed the information
about the proportion of practitioners and non-practitioners working in the three
corporates.
In Infosys Bangalore unit out of 50 sample employees surveyed, the
number of practitioners was 35 and non practitioners was 15.
In IBM Bangalore unit out of 50 sample employees surveyed, the number of
practitioners was 28 and non practitioners was 22.
In Nokia Bangalore unit out of 50 sample employees surveyed, the
number of practitioners was 17 and non practitioners was 33.
Out of 150 samples respondent 80 of them are being practitioners of
spirituality according to data. Out of 80 practitioners, percentage of
practitioners in Infosys is 43.8%, in IBM it is 35% and in Nokia it is 21.2%.
Therefore Infosys has got more number of practitioners compared to IBM and
Nokia.
5.4 Hypothesis 1
Null Hypothesis- Ho: Being spiritual practitioner employability in corporate is
significantly lower than others.
Alternate Hypothesis- H1: Being spiritual practitioner employability in
corporate is significantly higher than others.
To test this hypothesis Chi-Square test is conducted. The result of the Chi-
square is presented in table below.
In the following section the above mentioned hypothesis is statistically tested
and results are presented
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Table 5.1.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 13.232*** 2 .001
Likelihood Ratio 13.494 2 .001
Linear-by-Linear
Association 12.931*** 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 150
***Significant at one percent level.
The Chi-square test was conducted to find the significant difference in
number of respondents expressed their opinion in want of spirituality among
three corporates at 1 percent level. Therefore the number of practitioners in
Infosys is significantly higher than IBM and Nokia. In the mean time it is also
found from the test that number of respondents favouring spirituality in
corporate is significantly higher opined at 5 percent level. It is found from the
test, that the number of practitioners is significantly higher than the non
practitioners in these corporates. Hence more of practitioners are working in
the corporate. Thus it can be observed that being a spiritual practitioner
employability in corporate is significantly higher.
5.5 Need for Spiritual Practices in Corporates
Here an attempt is made to examine and test the views of respondents on
the need for spiritual practices.
Table 5.2 Distribution of respondents by spiritual practices
Category Yes No Total
Corp
Infosys Count 45 5 50
% within Need 37.5% 16.7% 33.3%
IBM Count 40 10 50
% within Need 33.3% 33.3% 33.3%
Nokia Count 35 15 50
% within Need 29.2% 50.0% 33.3%
Total Count 120 30 150
% within Need 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Source: Field Survey
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Figure 5.2
The above cross tabulation and chi-square tests reveal the positive
opinion of respondents about the need for spirituality in the workplace.
In Infosys out of 50 sample respondents, 45of them have expressed
positive opinion about the need for spirituality at workplace.
In IBM out of 50 sample respondents, 40 of them have expressed
positive opinion about the need for spirituality at workplace.
In Nokia out of 50 sample respondents, 35 of them have expressed
positive opinion about the need for spirituality at workplace.
Out of 150 sample respondents 120 of them have expressed positive
opinion about the need of spirituality at workplace.
Percentage of respondents expressed positive opinion in Infosys is
37.5%, in IBM it is 33.3% and in Nokia it is 29.2%. Therefore Infosys has got
more number of respondents with positive opinion about the need for
spirituality in corporate compared to IBM and Nokia.
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5.6 Hypothesis 2
Null Hypothesis- Ho : Spiritually motivated executives do not perform well in
the corporate world.
Alternate Hypothesis- H1 : Spiritually motivated executives perform well in
the corporate world.
In the following section the above mentioned hypothesis is statistically tested
and results are presented
Table 5.2.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.250** 2 .044
Likelihood Ratio 6.486 2 .039
Linear-by-Linear
Association 6.208** 1 .013
N of Valid Cases 150
**Significant at five percent level.
The Chi-square test was conducted to find the significant difference in
the number of respondents expressed their positive opinion about the need for
spirituality among three corporates at 1 percent level. Therefore the numbers of
respondents expressing positive opinion about spirituality in Infosys is
significantly higher than IBM and Nokia. In the mean time it is also found from
the test that no of respondents expressing the positive opinion about spirituality
in corporate significantly higher than the respondents who have negatively
opined at 5 percent level. Hence there is a need for spiritual practices in
workplace.
Thus there is a need for workplace spirituality in corporate sector.
5.7 Impact Of Spiritual Practices On Behavioural Aspects Of Corporate
Management
In this part of analysis under the programmes for behavioural changes has been
examined. From all the three corporate, practitioners and non practitioners data
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have been collected. Parameters selected are hypothesis 3(A) personality
development, hypothesis 3(B) communication, hypothesis 3(C) motivation,
hypothesis 3(D) decision making and hypothesis 3(E) leadership.
Table 5.3 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality on
Personality Development
Yes No Total
Practitioner Practitioner Count 70 10 80
% within Practitioner 87.5% 12.5% 100.0%
Non-
practitioner
Count 43 27 70
% within Practitioner 61.4% 38.6% 100.0%
Total Count 113 37 150
% within Practitioner 75.3% 24.7% 100.0%
Figure 5.3 Personality Development
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present information about the
opinion of sample respondents ( practitioners and non – practitioners ) on the
impact of workplace spirituality on personality development.
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According to the data out of 80 practitioners 70 of them opined that
spiritual practice has got positive impact on personality development.
According to the data out of 70 non-practitioners 43 of them opined that
spiritual practice has got positive impact on personality development.
Out of 113 respondents who have expressed positive opinion about the
impact of spirituality on personality development 70 of them are practitioners
and remaining 43 are non –practitioners.
5.8 Hypothesis 3
Null Hypothesis- Ho : Workplace spirituality do not play predominant role in
Behavioural Aspects.
Alternative Hypothesis- H1 : Workplace spirituality play predominant role in
Behavioural Aspects.
In this part of analysis under the programmes for behavioural changes has been
examined. From all the three corporate, practitioners and non practitioners data
have been collected. Parameters selected are personality development,
communication, motivation, decision making and leadership.
Hypothesis 3(A)
Table 5.3.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 13.656a 1 .000
Continuity
Correctionb
12.289 1 .000
Likelihood Ratio 13.959 1 .000
Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000
Linear-by-Linear
Association 13.565 1 .000
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
17.27.
b. Computed only for a 2x2
table
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The Chi-square test conducted to find the significant difference between
practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative opinion on
the impact of workplace spirituality on personality development. It is found
from the test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is
significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level.
Hence the opinion of practitioners about the impact of workplace
spirituality on personality development is significantly higher than non-
practitioners.
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the number of positive opinions is more than the negative opinions at
1percent level.
Therefore spiritual workplace spirituality has got positive impact on
personality development.
Table 5.4 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality on
Communication
Yes No Total
Practitioner Practitioner Count 65 15 80
% within Practitioner 81.2% 18.8% 100.0%
Non-
practitioner
Count 38 32 70
% within Practitioner 54.3% 45.7% 100.0%
Total Count 103 47 150
% within Practitioner 68.7% 31.3% 100.0%
Figure 5.4
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154
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present information about the
opinion of sample respondents on the impact of spiritual practices on
communication.
According to the data out of 80 practitioners 65 opined that spiritual
practice has got positive impact on communication. According to the data out
of 70 non-practitioners 38 opined that spiritual practice has got positive impact
on communication. Therefore, totally 103 respondents have expressed positive
opinion about the impact of workplace spirituality on communication (65 of
them are practitioners and remaining 38 are non –practitioners).
Hypothesis 3(B)
Table 5.4.1Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 12.616a 1 .000
Continuity Correctionb 11.394 1 .001
Likelihood Ratio 12.784 1 .000
Fisher's Exact Test .000 .000
Linear-by-Linear
Association 12.532 1 .000
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 21.93.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test conducted to find the significant difference between
practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative opinion on
the impact of workplace spirituality on communication. It is found from the test
that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is significantly
higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level.
Hence the opinion of practitioners about the impact of spirituality on
communication is significantly higher than non-practitioners.
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155
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total opinions the
numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions at 1percent
level.
Therefore it is accepted that workplace spirituality has got positive
impact on communication.
Table 5.5 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality on
Motivation
Yes No Total
Practitione
r
Practitioner Count 59 21 80
% within Practitioner 73.8% 26.2% 100.0%
Non-
practitioner
Count 35 35 70
% within Practitioner 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%
Total Count 94 56 150
% within Practitioner 62.7% 37.3% 100.0%
Figure 5.5
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The above cross tab and Chi-square test present information about the
opinion of sample respondents on the impact of spiritual practices on
motivation.
According to the data out of 80 practitioners 59 of them opined that
spiritual practice has got positive impact on motivation. According to the data
out of 70 non-practitioners 35 have opined that spiritual practices has got
positive impact on motivation.
Out of total 94 respondents who have expressed positive opinion about
the impact of workplace spirituality on motivation 59 of them are practitioners
and remaining 35 are non –practitioners.
Hypothesis 3(C)
Table 5.5.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 9.001a 1 .003
Continuity
Correctionb
8.014 1 .005
Likelihood Ratio 9.066 1 .003
Fisher's Exact Test .004 .002
Linear-by-Linear
Association 8.941 1 .003
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 26.13.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test is conducted to find the significant difference
between practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative
opinion on impact of workplace spirituality on motivation. It is found from the
test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is
significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level.
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157
Hence the opinion of practitioners about the impact of workplace
spirituality on motivation is significantly higher than non-practitioners.
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level.
Therefore it is accepted that workplace spirituality got positive impact
on motivation.
Table 5.6 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality on
Decision making
Yes No Total
Practitioner Practitioner Count 55 25 80
% within Practitioner 68.8% 31.2% 100.0%
Non-
practitioner
Count 31 39 70
% within Practitioner 44.3% 55.7% 100.0%
Total Count 86 64 150
% within Practitioner 57.3% 42.7% 100.0%
Figure 5.6
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158
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present information about the
opinion of sample respondents on the impact of spiritual practices on decision
making.
According to the data out of 80 practitioners 55 opined that spiritual
practice has got positive impact on decision making. According to the data out
of 70 non-practitioners 31 opined that spiritual practice has got positive impact
on decision making.
Therefore totally 86 respondents have expressed positive opinion about
the impact of workplace spirituality on decision making 55of them are
practitioners and remaining 31 are non –practitioners.
Hypothesis 3(D)
Table 5.6.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 9.134a 1 .003
Continuity
Correctionb
8.161 1 .004
Likelihood Ratio 9.208 1 .002
Fisher's Exact Test .003 .002
Linear-by-Linear
Association 9.073 1 .003
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 29.87.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test conducted to find the significant difference between
practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative opinion on
the impact of workplace spirituality on decision making. It is found from the
test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is
significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level.
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159
Hence the opinion of practitioners about the impact of spirituality on
decision making is significantly higher than non-practitioners.
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level.
Therefore it is accepted that workplace spirituality has got positive
impact on decision making.
Table 5.7 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality on
Leadership
Yes No Total
Practitioner Count 51 29 80
% within Practitioner 63.8% 36.2% 100.0%
Non-
practitioner
Count 27 43 70
% within Practitioner 38.6% 61.4% 100.0%
Total Count 78 72 150
% within Practitioner 52.0% 48.0% 100.0%
Figure 5.7
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160
Hypothesis 3(E)
Table 5.7.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 9.482a 1 .002
Continuity
Correctionb
8.500 1 .004
Likelihood Ratio 9.578 1 .002
Fisher's Exact Test .003 .002
Linear-by-Linear
Association 9.419 1 .002
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 33.60.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present information about the
opinion of sample respondents on the impact of spiritual practices on
leadership.
According to the data out of 80 practitioners 51 opined that spiritual
practice has got positive impact on leadership. According to the data out of 70
non-practitioners 27 opined that spiritual practice has got positive impact on
leadership.
Therefore, totally 78 respondents have expressed positive opinion about
the impact of workplace spirituality on leadership 51of them are practitioners
and remaining 27 are non –practitioners.
The Chi-square test conducted to find the significant difference between
practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative opinion on
the impact of workplace spirituality on leadership. It is found from the test that
the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is significantly
higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level.
Field Study
161
Hence the opinion of practitioners about the impact of spirituality on
leadership is significantly higher than non-practitioners.
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level.
Therefore it is accepted that workplace spirituality has got positive
impact on leadership.
5.9 Impact OF Spiritual Practices on Human Resource Development And
Corporate Management
In this part on the basis of field data the impact of spiritual practices on
human resource development and corporate management has been analysed.
From all the three corporates, practitioners and non practitioners data have been
collected. Parameters selected are hypothesis 4(A) efficiency, hypothesis 4(B)
productivity, hypothesis 4(C) teambuilding, hypothesis 4(D) stress
management, hypothesis 4(E) accountability, hypothesis 4(F) use of resources
and hypothesis 4(G) time management.
Table 5.8 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality on
Corporate Efficiency
Yes No Total
Groups Practitioner Count 74 6 80
% within Groups 92.5% 7.5% 100.0%
Non-
Practitioner
Count 55 15 70
% within Groups 78.6% 21.4% 100.0%
Total Count 129 21 150
% within Groups 86.0% 14.0% 100.0%
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162
Figure 5.8
The earlier study was on individual impact analysis of Spiritual
Practitioners and non-practitioners. In the following section an attempt has
been made to analyse the Impact of Spiritual practices on human resource
development for better Corporate Management.
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present the information about
the opinion of sample respondents on the impact of workplace spirituality on
Efficiency level of Corporate Management.
Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003), 1Economic efficiency refers to the
use of resources so as to maximize the production of goods and services.
According to the data, out of 80 practitioners 74 of them opined that
workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Efficiency level and out of 70
non-practitioners 55 of them opined that spiritual practice has got positive
impact on Efficiency level.
1 Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin : Economics: Principles in action. Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2003, pp. 15. ISBN 0-13-
063085-3
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163
5.10 HYPOTHESIS 4
Null Hypothesis- Ho : Spiritual practitioners do not have positive impact on
Human Resource development and Corporate management
Alternate Hypothesis- H1 : Spiritual practitioners will have positive impact on
Human Resource Development and Corporate management.
In this part of analysis under the programmes for impact of spiritual practice on
human resource development and corporate management has been examined.
From all the three corporates, practitioners and non practitioners data have been
collected. Parameters selected are efficiency, productivity, teambuilding, stress
management, accountability, use of resources and time management.
Hypothesis 4(A)
Table 5.8.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.016a 1 .014
Continuity
Correctionb
4.914 1 .027
Likelihood Ratio 6.126 1 .013
Fisher's Exact Test .018 .013
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 9.80.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test is conducted to find the significant difference
between practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative
opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Efficiency level. It is found from the
test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is
significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level. Hence the
opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Efficiency
level is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.
Field Study
164
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level. Therefore workplace spirituality has got a positive impact on
Efficiency Level of Corporate Management.
Table 5.9 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of
spirituality on Corporate Productivity
Yes No Total
Groups Practitioner Count 71 9 80
% within Groups 88.8% 11.2% 100.0%
Non-Practitioner Count 48 22 70
% within Groups 68.6% 31.4% 100.0%
Total Count 119 31 150
% within Groups 79.3% 20.7% 100.0%
Figure 5.9
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present the information about
the opinion of sample respondents on the impact of workplace spirituality on
Productivity of Corporate Management.
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165
According to L.R. Rodrigues, (2007), 2Productivity is commonly
defined as a ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input
use. Classically, productivity in generic terms is defined as Output divided by
input.
According to the data, out of 80 practitioners 71 of them opined that
workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Productivity and out of 70
non-practitioners 48 of them opined that workplace spirituality has got positive
impact on Productivity.
Hypothesis 4(B)
Table 5.9.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-
Square 9.272
a 1 .002
Continuity
Correctionb
8.082 1 .004
Likelihood Ratio 9.430 1 .002
Fisher's Exact Test .004 .002
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 14.47.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test is conducted to find the significant difference
between practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative
opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Productivity. It is found from the test
that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is significantly
higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level. Hence the opinion of
practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Productivity is
significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.
2 L.R. Rodrigues : A comprehensive model to address the research needs of U.A.E. with
special emphasis on productivity enhancement, 2007
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166
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level. Therefore workplace spirituality has got a positive impact on
Productivity of Corporate Management.
Table 5.10 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality on
Corporate Team Building
Yes No Total
Groups Practitioner Count 68 12 80
% within Groups 85.0% 15.0% 100.0%
Non-
Practitioner
Count 44 26 70
% within Groups 62.9% 37.1% 100.0%
Total Count 112 38 150
% within Groups 74.7% 25.3% 100.0%
Figure 5.10
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present the information about
the opinion of sample respondents on the impact of workplace spirituality on
Team Building of Corporate Management.
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167
According to the data, out of 80 practitioners 68 of them opined that
workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Team Building and out of 70
non-practitioners 44 of them opined that workplace spirituality has got positive
impact on Team Building.
Hypothesis 4(C)
Table 5.10.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-
Square 9.677
a 1 .002
Continuity
Correctionb
8.542 1 .003
Likelihood Ratio 9.797 1 .002
Fisher's Exact Test .002 .002
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 17.73.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test is conducted to find the significant difference
between practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative
opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Team Building. It is found from the
test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is
significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level. Hence the
opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Team Building
is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level. Therefore workplace spirituality has got a positive impact on
Team Building of Corporate Management.
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Table 5.11 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality
on Corporate Stress Management
Yes No Total
Groups Practitioner Count 64 16 80
% within Groups 80.0% 20.0% 100.0%
Non-Practitioner Count 41 29 70
% within Groups 58.6% 41.4% 100.0%
Total Count 105 45 150
% within Groups 70.0% 30.0% 100.0%
Figure 5.11
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present the information about
the opinion of sample respondents on the impact of workplace spirituality on
Stress Management in Corporate Management.
According to the data, out of 80 practitioners 64 of them opined that
workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Stress Management and out of
70 non-practitioners 41 of them opined that spiritual practice has got positive
impact on Stress Management.
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Hypothesis 4(D)
Table 5.11.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-
Square 8.163
a 1 .004
Continuity
Correctionb
7.175 1 .007
Likelihood Ratio 8.222 1 .004
Fisher's Exact Test .007 .004
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 21.00.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test is conducted to find the significant difference
between practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative
opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Stress Management. It is found from
the test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is
significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level. Hence the
opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Stress
Management is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level. Therefore workplace spirituality has got a positive impact on
Stress Management in Corporate Management.
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Table 5.12 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of
spirituality on Corporate Accountability
Yes No Total
Groups Practitioner Count 61 19 80
% within Groups 76.2% 23.8% 100.0%
Non-
Practitioner
Count 37 33 70
% within Groups 52.9% 47.1% 100.0%
Total Count 98 52 150
% within Groups 65.3% 34.7% 100.0%
Figure 5.12
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present the information about
the opinion of sample respondents on the impact of workplace spirituality on
Accountability in Corporate Management.
According to the data, out of 80 practitioners 61 of them opined that
workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Accountability and out of 70
non-practitioners 37 of them opined that spiritual practice has got positive
impact on Accountability.
Field Study
171
Hypothesis 4(E)
Table 5.12.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 9.020a 1 .003
Continuity
Correctionb
8.017 1 .005
Likelihood Ratio 9.087 1 .003
Fisher's Exact Test .003 .002
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 24.27.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test is conducted to find the significant difference
between practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative
opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Accountability. It is found from the
test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is
significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level. Hence the
opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Accountability
is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level. Therefore workplace spirituality has got a positive impact on
Accountability in Corporate Management.
Field Study
172
Table 5.13 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality
on Corporate Use of Resources
Yes No Total
1.00 2.00
Groups Practitioner Count 58 22 80
% within Groups 72.5% 27.5% 100.0%
Non-
Practitioner
Count 33 37 70
% within Groups 47.1% 52.9% 100.0%
Total Count 91 59 150
% within Groups 60.7% 39.3% 100.0%
Figure 5.13
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present the information about
the opinion of sample respondents on the impact of workplace spirituality on
Use of Resources in Corporate Management.
According to the data, out of 80 practitioners 58 of them opined that
workplace spirituality has got positive impact on Use of Resources and out of
70 non-practitioners 33 of them opined that spiritual practice has got positive
impact on Use of Resources.
Field Study
173
Hypothesis 4(F)
Table 5.13.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 10.060a 1 .002
Continuity
Correctionb
9.025 1 .003
Likelihood Ratio 10.146 1 .001
Fisher's Exact Test .002 .001
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 27.53.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test is conducted to find the significant difference
between practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative
opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Use of Resources. It is found from
the test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is
significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level. Hence the
opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Use of
Resources is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level. Therefore workplace spirituality has got a positive impact on
Use of Resources in Corporate Management.
Field Study
174
Table 5.14 Distribution of respondents relating to impact of spirituality on
Corporate Time Management
Yes No Total
Groups Practitioner Count 55 25 80
% within Groups 68.8% 31.2% 100.0%
Non-
Practitioner
Count 30 40 70
% within Groups 42.9% 57.1% 100.0%
Total Count 85 65 150
% within Groups 56.7% 43.3% 100.0%
Figure 5.14
The above cross tab and Chi-square test present the information about
the opinion of sample respondents on the impact of workplace spirituality on
Time Management in Corporate Management.
According to the data, out of 80 practitioners 55 of them opined that
spiritual practice has got positive impact on Time Management and out of 70
non-practitioners 30 of them opined that workplace spirituality has got positive
impact on Time Management.
Field Study
175
Hypothesis 4(G)
Table 5.14.1 Chi-Square Tests
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 10.193a 1 .001
Continuity
Correctionb
9.166 1 .002
Likelihood Ratio 10.289 1 .001
Fisher's Exact Test .002 .001
N of Valid Casesb 150
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 30.33.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
The Chi-square test is conducted to find the significant difference
between practitioners and non-practitioners, as well as positive and negative
opinion on impact of spiritual practice on Use of Resources. It is found from
the test that the percentage of practitioners expressing positive opinion is
significantly higher than the non practitioners at 1percent level. Hence the
opinion of practitioners about the impact of spiritual practice on Time
Management is significantly stronger than the non-practitioners.
In the mean time it is also found from the test that out of the total
opinions the numbers of positive opinions are more than the negative opinions
at 1percent level. Therefore workplace spirituality has got a positive impact on
Time Management in Corporate Management.
Conclusion
On the basis of field study we have statistically tested all the four
hypothesis. Thus it is clear that spiritual practices have profound impact on
individual attributes and also organizational attributes.