Chapter 5: Directing Function of

Management

Chapter Index

S. No

Reference

No

Particulars

Slide

From-To

1 Learning Objectives 3

2 Topic 1 Concept of Directing 4

3 Topic 2 Concept of Personality 5-11

4 Topic 3 Attitude 12-13

5 Topic 4 Learning 14-16

6 Topic 5 Perception 17

7 Let’s Sum Up 25

Learning Objectives

Explain the concept of directing

Describe the concept of personality

Discuss various personality traits

Explain the concept of attitude

Describe the importance of learning

Discuss the concept of perception

Concept of Directing

Communication

Motivation

Leadership

Supervision

According to G.R. Terry, Direction means moving to action &

supplying stimulative power to the group.

The four important elements of the directing function are:

Concept of Personality

Personality is defined as a combination of physical, mental & moral qualities of

individuals reflected in their unique behaviour, which separates them from others.

Behaviour

Freedom

Peculiarity

Physical, Mental and moral Qualities

Adaptability to Environment

Psychological Systems

Habits

Elements of personality are:

Determinants of Personality

Factors Affecting

Personality

Heredity

Environment

Cultural factor

Family factor

Social factor

Situational factor

Other factors

Values can be defined as an individual’s innate convictions that predetermine his/her

reaction in a particular situation.

Values

Rokeach Value Survey

Terminal values

Instrumental values

Generational Values

Builders

Baby Boomers

X Generation

Y Generation

Relationship Between Personality and Values of an Employee

Theory of person-job fit

It identifies Conventional, Social,

Realistic, Investigating, Enterprising,

and Artistic personalities and link them

with different jobs

Theory of person-organisation fit

The theory tends to link the personality

of employees in an organisation with its

values and culture.

The Big Five Model

Extroversion

Conscientiousness

Agreeableness

Emotional stability

Openness to experience

Trait Theory

Allows variations in traits

Presumes stable traits

Use behaviour indicators

Freud Theory

Preconscious element

Conscious element

Unconscious element

Socio-Psychological Theory

Sociological attributes

Psychological attributes

Personality Theories

Type A and Type B Personality Theory

Type A; Goal Oriented

Type B: Lethargic

The relationship is shown with the help of below figure:

Personality, Behaviour and Performance

Personality Behaviour Performance

Organisation uses following techniques to match the personality traits with the job

requirements:

Person-organisation fit

Person-job fit

The six types of personality traits and their congruent jobs given by Holland are:

Holland’s Personality Job-Fit Theory

Realistic

Investigative

Social

Conventional

Enterprising

Artistic

Attitude

Attitude can be defined as the tendency of an individual to react positively or

negatively in a specific set of circumstances. The various components of attitude are:

Components of Attitude

Cognitive component

Affective component

Behavioural component

The behaviour of employees at their workplaces is known as job attitude.

The major types of job attitudes are shown below:

Job Attitude

Major Job

Attitudes

Job Satisfaction Organisation

Commitment Job Involvement

Affective

Commitment

Normative

Commitment

Continuance

Commitment

Learning

It deals with the behavioural aspect of learning and

emphasises that the behaviour of an individual

always remains predictable depending upon the

stimulus provided.

The theory of behaviourism is based on the following

three assumptions:

Manifests, observes and measures the change in

behaviour of an individual/animal.

Examines the impact of environment in shaping

the behaviour of an individual or animal.

Emphasises on the principles of contiguity and

reinforcement.

Behaviourism

It says that learning occurs when the schema of knowledge is combined,

extended or altered. It works basically on two key assumptions:

the memory system processes the information in an organised way

prior knowledge plays an important role in learning

Cognitivism

Constructivism/Social Learning

Social Learning Theory

Attention

Retention

Reproduction

Motivation

Perception

Perception is a function of the information

processed through any or all of the five

senses of sight, touch, taste, hearing and

smell.

In other words, we can say that perception

helps people formulate impressions about

events, daily experiences, environment and

other people around them.

In organisational settings, the filtration of

relevant and irrelevant information

completely depends on the manager’s

perception.