Upload
dylan-daniel
View
229
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 5
Consciousness
• Consciousness is an awareness of our internal and external stimuli
• Variations in consciousness are measured with an EEG (electroencephalogram)– EEG patterns vary by level of consciousness• Beta Waves = Awake and REM• Alpha Waves = Relaxed/Drowsy• Theta Waves = Light Sleep• Delta Waves = Deep Sleep
Biological Rhythms
• Periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning– These are our “biological clocks”– One type is the circadian rhythm • 24-hour biological cycle
Circadian Rhythm• The hormone melatonin regulates your
circadian rhythms• If you ignore/disrupt it, your sleep will suffer– Example “jet lag” from flying across time zones
Sleep
• Sleep is not just one event, but a series of stages– Stages 1-4 & REM– In this order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 5 (REM)
• We go through these stages about every 90 minutes
Stage 1
• Kind of awake, kind of asleep• Hypnic jerks/ myoclonic jerks
common in this stage• Only lasts a few minutes• Usually only once a night• Theta Waves
Stage 2
• Theta Waves get slower• Lasts about 10 minutes• Begin to show sleep spindles– short bursts of rapid brain
waves
Stages 3 and 4• Slow wave sleep
– Delta waves
• If awoken you will be very groggy
• About 30 minutes• Essential for restoring body’s
growth hormones and overall health– From stage 4, your brain begins
to speed up – You go back to stage 3– Then 2… – Then…
REM Sleep• Rapid Eye Movement• Often called paradoxical sleep
– Beta Waves– Brain is very active, as if you were
awake
• Dreams usually occur in REM• Body is essentially paralyzed (REM
atonia)– Body stops releasing serotonin,
histamines, and norepinephrine• Prevents you from moving during
REM sleep• If it doesn’t, you will move while in
REM sleep
• If deprived of REM, the next time we sleep we go into REM rebound
Sleep Cycles
Waves Mnemonic
• Be• Aware• That• Sleep• Demands• Bed
• Beta• Alpha• Theta• Spindles• Delta• Beta
Age & REM
Why We Sleep
• We spend 1/3 of our lives asleep; so why do we sleep?– Sleep protected our ancestors from harm– Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue– Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories– Sleep allows the pituitary gland to release human
growth hormone
Sleep Deprivation
• Fatigue• Impaired concentration,
speech, & motor functioning
• Emotional irritability• Depressed immune
system• Death
Amount Of Sleep
Why We Dream• Wish Fulfillment– Freud suggested that dreams provide a safe way to express
our unacceptable unconscious desires– Manifest Content– Latent Content
• Cognitive Theory– A way to deal with the stresses of everyday life and/or engage
in creative thinking to solve a problem• This is why we tend to dream more when we are stressed
• Activation-Synthesis Theory– Our brain is trying to interpret the random electrical activity
we have while sleeping• This is why dreams sometimes make no sense
Sleep DisordersDisorder DescriptionInsomnia •Persistent problems falling asleep or staying asleep
•Effects 10% of the populationNarcolepsy •Fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times
•Directly into REM sleep•Less than .001 % of population
Sleep apnea •A person stops breathing during their sleep•Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep•Very common, especially in heavy males•Can be fatal
Nightmares •Frightening dreams that wake a sleeper from REM•Persistent nightmares reflect psychological disturbance
Night terrors •Wake up screaming and have no idea why•Not a nightmare; happens during SWS•Most common in children (boys) between ages 2-8
Somnambulism •Sleep-walking•Most often occurs during the first few hours of sleeping and in stage 4 (deep sleep)•If you have had night terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk when older
Somniloquy •Sleep-talking•4% of adults; 50% of children
Hypnosis
• A systematic procedure that may produce a heightened state of suggestibility– Different people have various
states of hypnotic suggestibility• Works better on people who are:
– imaginative– easily absorbed in experiences
Hypnotic Phenomenon
• Anesthesia• Sensory distortions and
hallucinations• Disinhibition• Posthypnotic suggestion– Must be willing
• Posthypnotic amnesia– Most people actually
remember
Theories of Hypnosis
Role-Playing Theory• AKA Social Cognitive
Behavior Theory– Hypnosis is NOT an altered
state of consciousness.
• Its a social phenomenon where people want to believe
• Who?
Dissociation Theory• AKA Divided Consciousness
Theory– Hypnosis is an altered state of
consciousness
• Dramatic health benefits– It works best for pain
• Who?
Meditation
• Practices that train your attention to heighten awareness and control
• Many health benefits• Alpha waves– Relaxed state
Drugs
• Can be agonists, antagonists, or reuptake inhibitors
• If a drug is used often, a tolerance is created for the drug– You need more of the drug to feel the same effect
• Physiological & psychological dependence– If you stop using a drug you can develop
withdrawal symptoms– Leads to addiction
Psychoactive Drugs• Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter
consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
• 3 Types: 1. Depressants- drugs that slow down mental and
physical activity2. Stimulants- drugs that increase central nervous
system activity3. Hallucinogens- drugs that modify a person’s
perceptual experiences• Also called Psychedelics
DepressantsType Category Drugs Effects Side-Effects
Depressants Narcotics/Opiates
MorphineHeroineOpiumMethdoneCodeine
EuphoriaRelaxationAnxiety
reductionReduced
inhibitionPain relief
(narcotics)
LethargyDrowsinessImpaired coordinationImpaired mental functioningConstipation (narcotics)Mood swings (Sedatives)Dejection (Sedatives)Sedatives Barbituates
Nonbarbituates
Alcohol
Severely impaired coordinationImparired mental functioningIncreased urinationMood swingsDepressionQuarrelsomenessHangover
StimulantsType Category Drugs Effects Side-Effects
Stimulant
s
Stimulants
CocaineMethamphetamineCaffeineNicotineEcstasy (MDMA)
ElationExcitementIncreased
alertnessIncreased
energyReduced
fatigue
Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rateIncreased talkativenessRestlessnessInsomniaReduced appetiteIncreased sweating &
urinationAnxietyParanoiaIncrease aggressivenessPanic
HallucinogensType Category Drugs Effects Side-Effects
Hallucinogenic
HallucinogensLSDMescalinPsilocybin
Increased sensory awarenessEuphoriaAltered perceptionHallucinationsInsightful experiences
Dialated pupilsNauseaMood swingsParanoiaJumbled thinkingImpaired judgmentAnxietyPanic reactionDehydration (MDMA)Overheating (MDMA)
CannabisMarijuanaHashishTHC
Mild euphoriaRelaxationAltered perceptionsEnhanced awareness
Bloodshot eyesDry mouthReduced STMSluggish motor coordinationSluggish mental functioningAnxiety