Chapter 5 Ancient China Lesson 3 Warring Kingdoms Unite
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Objectives
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Key Terms
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In 1974, farmers and archaeologists found more than 6,000
life-sized statues of soldiers and horses, along with wood and
bronze chariots and metal weapons to protect Shi Huangdis tomb. Shi
Huangdi had planned to rule a second empire in the afterlife. He
also made plans for a real-life empire. He believed his dynasty
would last for 10,000 generations.
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The Qin Dynasty Shi Huangdi conquered seven warring kingdoms to
unify China. His dynasty lasted two generations.
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Chinas First Emperor Shi Huangdis original name was Zhao Zheng.
He ruled the Qin (Chin) people, which is where the name China comes
from. By 221 B.C., Zheng extended his rule over most of the land
and took the name Shi Huangdi (First Emperor).
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Strengthening the Empire Shi Huangdi strengthened China through
strong and harsh rule to protect his empire. Shi Huangdi started
the construction of the Great Wall of China as protection from
nomads. Shi Huangdi connected all the different pieces of the wall
with labor provided by farmers and merchants. It took hundreds of
thousands of workers ten years to build the wall. Other emperors
repaired and added new sections to the 4,500 mile wall.
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Organizing the Government Thousands of farmers were made to
build roads. These roads allowed the armies to put down rebellions
quickly. The emperor imprisoned or killed any opposition. Shi
Huangdi divided China into districts and placed his trusted
officials in control.
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Reading Check How was Chinas Great Wall built? For about ten
years, hundreds of thousands of farmers and merchants were ordered
by Shi Huangdi to connect existing defensive walls.
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Unifying Economy and Culture Shi Huangdi wanted to have one
economy and culture.
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Economic and Cultural Improvements Shi Huangdi declared one
currency, common weights and measures, an improved system of
writing, and a law code. The common currency made it easier to
trade goods.
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Restricting Freedoms In 213 B.C. Shi Huangdi tried to control
the thoughts of his people by outlawing the ideas of Confucius and
other important thinkers. He required that people learn the
philosophies of Qin scholars.
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The Qin believed in legalism, people should be punished for bad
behavior and rewarded for good behavior, and that everyone should
serve the government and emperor. Shi Huangdi ordered all books
except books about medicine, technology, and farming, be destroyed.
The scholars that protested were killed.
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The End of a Dynasty Shi Huangdis death in 210 B.C. was
followed by four years of chaos and civil war ending with his sons
death. His grandson took power but could not control China and
rebellions broke out. His dynasty only lasted 15 years.
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Reading Check How did Shi Huangdi try to limit his peoples
freedoms? Shi Huangdi limited his peoples freedoms by outlawing the
ideas of Confucius and other thinkers, requiring that people learn
the ideas of Qin scholars, enforcing legalism, burning many books,
and having scholars who protested killed.
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The Han Dynasty Liu Bang was a rebel who helped overthrow the
Qin dynasty. He was the first emperor of the Han dynasty, which was
stable but less harsh than Shi Huangdis. It was the Han dynasty
that educated people and based the civil service system on
Confucianism. The Han dynasty lasted for about 400 years.
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Wudi: The Warrior Emperor In 140 B.C., Liu Bangs great
grandson, Wudi, came to power when he was 15 and ruled for more
than 50 years. Wudis main interests were war and military matters.
Wudi means Warrior Emperor. He improved the Great Wall and
strengthened the army. He increased Chinese rule, west into Central
Asia, east into the Korean peninsula, and south into Vietnam.
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The End of the Han Empire Eventually, after many Han emperors,
the empire began to weaken. As people in the government struggled
for power the empire fell apart, including the roads and canals.
Eventually warlords started to gain power. Cao Pei was one warlord
who took over northern China and declared the Han dynasty over and
started the Wei dynasty. The Wei dynasty ended after 50 years,
breaking up into many smaller kingdoms.
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Reading Check What happened in A.D. 220? Cao Pei declared an
end to the Han dynasty and set up his own Wei dynasty.
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Section 3 Assessment 1. (a) Describe What measures did Shi
Huangdi take to strengthen the empire and organize the government?
He built the Great Wall to defend and roads for the army to travel
quickly, and divided China into districts and selected officials to
govern.
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1. (b) Summarize Why is Shi Huangdi a major figure in Chinese
history? He was the first emperor of China and the Qin
dynasty.
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2. (a) Identify What measures did Shi Huangdi take to unite the
economy and culture of China? He standardized currency, weights,
measures, improved the system of writing, and created a law code.
He also outlawed Confucianism and required everyone to study the
Qin scholars.
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2. (b) Analyze Information How did all of Shi Huangdis efforts
strengthen the empire? How did his leadership hurt the empire? He
facilitated commerce and communication across the empire, but
people ultimately rebelled, leading to chaos and civil war.
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3. (a) Recall What characterized the government of China during
the Han dynasty? Stability and a Confucian civil service
system
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3. (b) Compare and Contrast Compare the ways the emperors of
the Qin dynasty and the emperors of the Han dynasty viewed the
ideas of Confucius. How were their viewpoints similar or different?
Qin- outlawed the ideas of Confucius, favored legalism; Han- based
civil service system on Confucianism.
