Personality, 9eJerry M. Burger

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Chapter 5

The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian Theory, Application, and

Assessment

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Chapter OutlineLimits and liabilities of Freudian theory

Alfred AdlerCarl JungErik EriksonKaren Horney

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Chapter OutlineApplication: Psychoanalytic theory and religion

Assessment: Personal narratives

Strengths and criticisms of Neo-Freudian theories

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Limits and Liabilities of Freudian TheoryTheorists rejected the idea that personality is formed by experiences in the initial years of lifeNeo-Freudians argued that later experiences are important in shaping personality

Freud failed to recognize the importance of social and cultural forces in shaping individual personality

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Limits and Liabilities of Freudian TheoryFreudian theories have negative tone and painted a pessimistic and in some ways degrading picture of human naturePropagated that humans are largely controlled by instincts and unconscious forces

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Alfred AdlerDeveloped the approach of individual psychology

Contributions to understanding of personalityNotion of striving for superiorityRole of parental influence on personality development

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Striving for SuperioritySingle motivating force that can subsume all other motivesIndividual’s begin life with feelings of inferiority

All individual actions aim to establish a sense of superiority over life’s obstacles

Excessive feelings of inferiority lead to inferiority complex

Social interest combined with superiority striving indicates mental health of a person

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Parental Influence on Personality DevelopmentParental behaviors that lead to problems in children’s lifePampering

Robs the child of independence and adds to feelings of inferiority

Neglect - Children who receive little attention from their parents: Grow up cold and suspiciousAre incapable of warm personal

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Birth Order

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Carl JungFirst president of the International Psychoanalytic Association

Disagreement with Freud’s theory, resulted in resignation from the association in 1914

Established analytic psychology

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Collective UnconsciousPart of unconscious mindConstitutes of t houghts, images, and psychic characteristics that are difficult to bring into awarenessNever repressed out of consciousnessPeople inherit unconscious psychic characteristics

Made up of primordial imagesReferred as archetypes

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ArchetypesAnima - Feminine side of the maleAnimus - Masculine side of the femaleAnima and animus guide the selection of a romantic partner and the course of the subsequent relationship

Shadow - Negative side of personalityLocated partly in both personal and collective unconscious

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Evidence for the Collective UnconsciousDoes not consist of hard data from rigorous laboratory experiments

Is based on examination of mythology, cultural symbols, dreams, and the statements of schizophrenics

It is argued that collective unconscious is same for everyone

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Erik EriksonBelieved that ego is a relatively powerful, independent part of personality

Ego psychology - Erikson’s approach to personalityPrincipal function of the ego is to establish and maintain a sense of identity

Identity crisis - Confusion and despair we feel when we lack a strong sense of who we are

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Personality Development Throughout the Life CycleErikson’s stages of personality development continue from infancy to old age

Crises - Turning points encountered by people in personality developmentProvides two directions in which to proceed

How a person resolves a crisis determines the direction of his/her personality development

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Figure 5.1 - Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development

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Basic Trust Versus MistrustChild whose needs are met develops a sense of basic trust

Infants who never receive the loving care they need develops a sense of basic mistrust

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Autonomy Versus Shame and DoubtAutonomy - Allowing children to manipulate and control what they encounterPeople with a sense of autonomy are confident

Over protection of children hinders development and lead to shame and doubtChildren become dependent on others

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Initiative Versus GuiltChildren who:

Organize and participate in social activities develop a sense of initiative

Lack initiative feel guilt and resignation

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Industry Versus InferiorityIndustry - Belief in one’s strengths and abilitiesDevelops when children experience success

Inferiority - Lack of appreciation for one’s talents and skillsDevelops when children encounter failure

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Identity Versus Role ConfusionPeople with a sense of identity make decisions about personal values and religious questions

Failing to develop a strong sense of identity leads to role confusion

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Intimacy Versus IsolationYoung people search for special relationship to develop intimacy and grow emotionally

People who fail to develop intimacy face emotional isolation

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Generativity Versus StagnationMiddle aged individuals develop a concern for guiding the next generationParents raise their childrenAdults without children play an active role in raising nieces and nephews

Adults who fail to develop sense of generativity suffer from a sense of stagnation

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Ego Integrity Versus DespairPeople who:

Look back on their lives with satisfaction develop a sense of integrity

Fail to develop a sense of integrity fall into despair and express contempt for others

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Karen HorneyStudied Freud’s work and taught psychoanalysis

Founded American Institute for Psychoanalysis

Important contributionsNeurosis and feminine psychology

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NeurosisNeurotic - People who are trapped in a self-defeating interpersonal style

Prevents people from developing the social contact they unconsciously crave

Destructive interpersonal style is a defense mechanism to ward off feelings of anxiety

Arises due to disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood

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NeurosisInteraction styles adopted by neurotics to avoid anxiety-provoking experiencesMoving toward peopleMoving against peopleMoving away from people

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Feminine PsychologyIntroduced the concept of womb envy

Men envy women’s ability to bear and nurse children

Men compensate their inability to have children through achievement in other domains

In a society where men and women are free to become whatever they desire girls would not want to be boys, or vice versa

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Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and ReligionFreud’s perspective

Religious behavior represents a form of neurosis

Religion is a type of collective wish fulfilment

God is an unconscious father figure generated to provide feelings of security

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Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and ReligionJung’s perspective

Religion provides sense of purpose and security

People across cultures inherit a God archetype in collective unconscious

People seek psychotherapy when religion fails to provide reassurance

Modern religions have developed practices to provide assuranceConfession, absolution, and forgiveness

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Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and ReligionErich Fromm’s perspective

People turn to the powerful authority of church to escape a sense of powerlessness and loneliness

Authoritarian religions - People are under the control of a powerful GodDeny people their personal identity

Humanistic religions - God is a symbol of our own powerProvide an opportunity for personal growth

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Personality AssessmentPersonal narratives: Narration of one’s own life story, that requires describing turning point scenes from one’s lifeInterviews are recorded and transcribedJudges code stories according to preset criteria

Scores tend to be consistent over timeAccuracy of the story and selective remembering of scenes by participants draws criticism

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Personality AssessmentGenerativity and life stories

Personal narratives are useful for studying Erik Erikson’s stages of personality development

Research indicates that number of stories reflecting generativity theme increased during the midlife decades

Stories from highly generative adults contain:Increased themes about friendship, sharing,

affiliation, and nurturance

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Strengths and Criticisms of Neo-Freudian Theories

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