`Department of Business Management andEntrepreneurshipCOLLEGE OF
ARTS & SCIECESSan Beda Co!!egeMendio!a" Mani!aMGT4- Human
Resource Management September 17, 2012Quiz!- HR", Recruitment an#
Se$ection Mr% Marc &a'i# (% )c*acoso, M+)#$ T*e ,irst step in
t*e *uman resource p$anning process is )- ,orecasting $abor #eman#
an# supp$.% +- goa$ setting% (- program imp$ementation% &-
program e'a$uation% %$ T*e process o, attempting to ascertain t*e
supp$. an# #eman# ,or 'arious t.pes o, *umanresources is ca$$e# )-
goa$ setting% +- program e'a$uations% (- ,orecasting% &-
strategic c*oice% &$ )n a#'antage o, statistica$ ,orecasting
met*o#s is t*at )- un#er t*e rig*t con#itions, t*e. pro'i#e
pre#ictions t*at are muc* more precise t*an /u#gmenta$ met*o#s% +-
t*e. are particu$ar$. use,u$ in #.namic en'ironments% (- t*e. are
particu$ar$. use,u$ i, important e'ents t*at occur in t*e $abor
mar0et *a'e no *istorica$ prece#ent% &- in t*e e'ent o, a $ega$
#ispute, t*e. are more acceptab$e as e'i#ence b. /uries% '$
Statistica$ p$anning mo#e$s a$most a$1a.s *a'e to be comp$emente#
b. 1*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing2)- competitor in,ormation +- ob/ecti'e
/u#gments o, peop$e 1it* e3pertise in t*e area (- sub/ecti'e
/u#gments o, peop$e 1it* e3pertise in t*e area &- a pre#iction
o, t*e ,uture state o, t*e econom. ($ ) 4$ea#ing in#icator5 is )-
an ob/ecti'e measure t*at accurate$. pre#icts ,uture $abor #eman#%
+- a sub/ecti'e measure t*at accurate$. pre#icts ,uture $abor
supp$.% (- an ob/ecti'e measure use# to e'a$uate 1*et*er or not t*e
organization success,u$$. a'oi#e# a pen#ing $abor s*ortage or
surp$us% `&- a sub/ecti'e measure use# to e'a$uate 1*et*er or
not t*e organization success,u$$. a'oi#e# a pen#ing $abor s*ortage
or surp$us% )$ )6n- 77777 s*o1s t*e proportion o, emp$o.ees in
#i,,erent /ob categories at #i,,erent times% )- emp$o.ee tas0
#iagram +- transitiona$ matri3 (- /ob e'a$uation #iagram &-
tas0 ro$e matri3 *$ T*e goa$s t*at are set in t*e *uman resource
p$anning process s*ou$# come #irect$. ,rom )- mi#-$e'e$ managers,
1*o ten# to be most in touc* 1it* t*e organization8s nee#s% +- t*e
ana$.sis o, t*e $abor supp$. an# #eman#% (- t*e strategic c*oices
t*at are ma#e% &- t*e ,ee#bac0 pro'i#e# b. t*e organization8s
customers% +$ )n organization see0ing to re#uce a pro/ecte# $abor
surp$us must se$ect ,rom a number o,possib$e options aime# at
obtaining t*at ob/ecti'e 6e%g%, retirements, $a.o,,s, 1or0 s*aring,
etc%-% T*is occurs at 1*at step in t*e *uman resource p$anning
process2 )- Goa$-setting an# strategic p$anning +- "rogram
e'a$uation (- 9orecasting &- "rogram imp$ementation ,$ :*ic* o,
t*e ,o$$o1ing options ,or re#ucing an e3pecte# $abor surp$us *as
t*e bene,it o, being a re$ati'e$. ,ast so$ution, but t*e
#isa#'antage o, being *ig* in *uman su,,ering2 )- &o1nsizing +-
Retirement (- Retraining &- :or0 s*aring #-$ ;our compan.8s
primar. concern is to re#uce an e3pecte# $abor surp$us ,ast< its
secon#ar. concern is to minimize *uman su,,ering% T*e options t*at
1ou$# best a##ress t*e compan.8s concerns 6in t*e priorit.
in#icate#- are )- $a.o,,s an# trans,ers% +- trans,ers an# 1or0
s*aring% (- retirement an# retraining% &- natura$ attrition an#
trans,ers% ##$ 9orecasting in#icates .our compan. nee#s to re#uce
its 1*ite-co$$ar 1or0,orce in or#er to a'oi# a $abor surp$us in t*e
ne3t t*ree to ,i'e .ears% (onsistent 1it* t*e corporatecu$ture it
1ants to maintain, .our compan. p$aces a *ig*er priorit. on
minimizing *umansu,,ering t*an on ac*ie'ing t*e $abor re#uction
=uic0$.% T*e options t*at are most consistent 1it* t*ese priorities
are )- #emotions an# trans,ers% `+- trans,ers an# 1or0 s*aring% (-
retirement an# retraining% &- natura$ attrition an# trans,ers%
#%$ ) sma$$ compan. t*at manu,actures specia$-or#er 1oo# ,urniture
*as 0ept its emp$o.ees bus. on a 40-*our-a-1ee0 sc*e#u$e ,or t*e
past t1o .ears% T*e compan. /ust recei'e# t*e $argest contract in
its *istor. ,rom a Sau#i compan. opening o,,ices in t*e area% T*ere
is no e3pectation o, repeat business ,rom t*e Sau#i compan.% >n
or#er to comp$ete t*e contract in t*e re=uire# si3 mont*s,
a##itiona$ s0i$$e# 1oo#1or0ing manpo1er is nee#e#% ?n#er t*ese
circumstances, to a'oi# an e3pecte# $abor s*ortage, t*ebest option
1ou$# be )- o'ertime% +- t*e use o, temporar. emp$o.ees% (-
turno'er re#uction. &- ne1 e3terna$ *ires% #&$ :*ic* o, t*e
,o$$o1ing options ,or a'oi#ing an e3pecte# $abor s*ortage *as t*e
bene,it o, being a re$ati'e$. ,ast so$ution 1it* *ig* re'ocabi$it.2
)- @'ertime +- Retraine# trans,er (- Turno'er &- Ae1 e3terna$
*ires #'$ T*e most t.pica$ organizationa$ responses to an e3pecte#
$abor s*ortage are)- ,ast response an# $o1 re'ocabi$it.% +- ,ast
response an# *ig* re'ocabi$it.% (- s$o1 response an# *ig*
re'ocabi$it.% &- s$o1 response an# $o1 re'ocabi$it.% #($ :*ic*
one o, t*e ,o$$o1ing is not a ma/or reason organizations engage in
#o1nsizing2 )- To stem current $osses +- To re#uce ,uture $abor
costs (- To c$ose out#ate# p$ants or intro#uce tec*no$ogica$
c*anges to o$# p$ants &- To re#uce bureaucratic o'er*ea#
resu$ting ,rom mergers an# ac=uisitions #)$ ) stu#. o, B2 9ortune
100 ,irms t*at announce# #o1nsizing e,,orts s*o1e# t*at in t*e
,o$$o1ing .ears most ,irms s*o1e#2 )- impro'e# ,inancia$
per,ormance% +- 1orse ,inancia$ per,ormance% (- impro'e# emp$o.ee
mora$e% &- simi$ar ,inancia$ per,ormance% #*$ Reasons ,or t*e
,ai$ure o, most #o1nsizing e,,orts to $i'e up to e3pectations
inc$u#e a$$ o, t*e ,o$$o1ing except )- #o1nsizing e,,orts e$iminate
peop$e 1*o turn out to be irrep$aceab$e assets% `+- s*ort-term cost
sa'ings o,ten turn negati'e in t*e $ong term% (- #o1nsizing e,,orts
re#uce a ,irm8s competiti'eness% &- emp$o.ees 1*o sur'i'e
#o1nsizing become narro1-min#e# an# ris0-a#'erse% #+$ T*e 0e. to a
success,u$ #o1nsizing e,,ort is to )- per,orm surgica$ strategic
cuts% +- per,orm in#iscriminate across-t*e-boar# cuts% (- #o1nsize
at ran#om% &- cut t*e o$#est an# best-pai# emp$o.ees ,irst% #,$
:*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing options ,or re#ucing an e3pecte# $abor
surp$us is a re$ati'e$. s$o1 so$ution, but o,,ers t*e bene,it o,
being $o1 in *uman su,,ering2)- :or0 s*aring +- &emotion (-
Retirement &- Trans,ers %-$ >n t*e ,ace o, #emograp*ic
pressures #ea$ing 1it* an aging 1or0,orce, man. emp$o.ers tr. to
in#uceamong t*eir o$#er 1or0ers t*roug* ear$. retirementincenti'e
programs)- 1age an# sa$ar. pena$ties +- 1or0 pena$ties(-
in'o$untar. attrition &- 'o$untar. attrition %#$ :*ic* one o,
t*e ,o$$o1ing is not an a#'antage o, emp$o.ing temporar. 1or0ers as
a means o, e$iminating a $abor s*ortage2 )- T*e use o, temporar.
1or0ers ,rees t*e ,irm ,rom man. a#ministrati'e tas0s an# ,inancia$
bur#ens associate# 1it* being t*e 4emp$o.er o, recor#,5 suc* as
*ea$t* care,pensions, 1or0ers8 compensation, an# unemp$o.ment
insurance +- Since temporar. 1or0ers are /ust t*at, t*e. #o not
pose a t*reat to current emp$o.ees in terms o, /ob securit. (- Man.
temporar. agencies train emp$o.ees prior to sen#ing t*em o'er to
emp$o.ers, 1*ic* re#uces training costs an# eases t*e transition o,
bot* t*e temporar. 1or0er an# t*e compan. &- Temporar. 1or0ers
*a'e $itt$e e3perience in t*e *ost ,irm, t*us t*e. bring an
ob/ecti'e perspecti'e to t*e organization8s prob$ems an# proce#ures
t*at is sometimes'a$uab$e %%$ )$$ o, t*e ,o$$o1ing about
outsourcing are true except one% Aame t*e e3ception% )- @utsourcing
is a $ogica$ c*oice 1*en ,irms $ac0 e3perience in an area +-
@,,s*oring is a ,orm o, outsourcing (- Tec*no$ogica$ a#'ancements
*a'e s$o1e# t*e momentum o, outsourcing being #one to#a. &-
@utsourcing is #ri'en b. economies o, sca$e `%&$ ) specia$ case
o, outsourcing 1*ere t*e /obs t*at mo'e actua$$. $ea'e one
countr.an# go to anot*er is ca$$e# )- insourcing% +-
out-#istancing% (- o,,s*oring% &- o'erseas sourcing% %'$ )$$ o,
t*e ,o$$o1ing *a'e contribute# to 1iping out t*e cost sa'ings
attribute# to $o1er 1ages create# b. o,,s*oring except )- =ua$it.
contro$ prob$ems% +- emp$o.ees 1ea0 1or0 et*ic% (- securit.
'io$ations% &- poor customer ser'ice e3periences% %($ )
critica$ aspect o, t*e program imp$ementation step o, *uman
resource p$anning is )- t*e setting o, a benc*mar0 ,or #etermining
t*e re$ati'e success o, a program% +- se$ecting t*e best option ,or
re#ressing a pen#ing $abor s*ortage or surp$us% (- ma0ing sure t*at
some in#i'i#ua$ is *e$# accountab$e ,or ac*ie'ing t*e state# goa$s%
&- ascertaining 1*et*er or not t*e compan. *as success,u$$.
a'oi#e# an. potentia$ $aborsurp$uses or s*ortages% %)$ T*e ,ina$
step in t*e p$anning process is to )- e'a$uate resu$ts% +- set
goa$s an# ob/ecti'es% (- ,ormu$ate strategies% &- estab$is*
,orecasting met*o#s% %*$ T*e goa$s o, personne$ recruitment inc$u#e
a$$ but one o, t*e ,o$$o1ing% Aame t*e e3ception% )- To increase
t*e number o, peop$e 1*o app$. ,or 'acancies +- To contro$ t*e t.pe
o, peop$e 1*o app$. ,or 'acancies (- To ,ine$. #iscriminate among
reasonab$. =ua$i,ie# app$icants &- To in,$ate t*e number o,
app$icants ,or statistica$ purposes %+$ Recruitment acti'ities are
#esigne# to a,,ect a$$ o, t*e ,o$$o1ing except )- t*e number o,
peop$e 1*o app$. ,or 'acancies% +- t*e t.pe o, peop$e 1*o app$. ,or
'acancies% (- t*e $i0e$i*oo# t*at t*ose app$.ing ,or 'acancies 1i$$
accept positions i, o,,ere#% &- t*e e'a$uation o, emp$o.ees
once *ire#% %,$ :*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing ten#s to *a'e t*e most
positi'e in,$uence on /ob c*oice #ecisions2 )- T*e 0in# o,
recruiters use# +- T*e recruitment sources (- T*e use o, rea$istic
/ob pre'ie1s `&- Cob 'acanc. c*aracteristics &-$ )n
approac* t*at pa.s *ig*er t*an current mar0et 1ages is ca$$e# a )-
premium-1age-approac*% +- $ea# in#icator approac*% (-
$ea#-t*e-mar0et approac*% &- ,irst mo'er approac*% $
@rganizationa$ recruitment materia$s t*at emp*asize #ue process,
rig*ts o, appea$ an# grie'ance mec*anisms sen# a message t*at )-
t*e organization *as man. prob$ems% +- t*e organization 'a$ues
emp$o.ee rig*ts o'er pro#ucti'it. an# pro,itabi$it.% (- /ob
securit. is *ig* in t*e organization% &- emp$o.ee mora$e is $o1
in t*e organization% &%$ )+S-(+ADs 4Eapami$.a5 campaign is an
e3amp$e o, )- genera$ a#'ertising% +- reputation a#'ertising% (-
image a#'ertising% &- proacti'e a#'ertising% &&$ T*e
sources ,rom 1*ic* companies recruit potentia$ emp$o.ees are )-
#ictate# $arge$. b. $ega$ constraints% +- #etermine# b. #emograp*ic
patterns% (- t.pica$$. regu$ate# b. in#ustr. stan#ar#s% &- a
critica$ aspect o, its o'era$$ recruitment strateg.% &'$ :*ic*
o, t*e ,o$$o1ing is an a#'antage o, re$.ing on interna$ recruitment
sources2 )- T*e. are $i0e$. to increase #i'ersit. +- T*e. minimize
t*e impact o, po$itica$ consi#erations in t*e *iring #ecision (-
T*e. are genera$$. c*eaper an# ,aster t*an ot*er means &- >t
1i$$ increase inno'ation 1it*in an organization&($ :*ic* one o,
t*e ,o$$o1ing best e3emp$i,ies t*e process o, se$,-se$ection2 )- )n
app$icant posts *is or *er resume on an on$ine /ob bu$$etin boar#
+- :*i$e at a /ob ,air, an app$icant #eci#es to inter'ie1 1it* t*e
)+( (ompan. (- )n app$icant is as0e# to return ,or a secon#
inter'ie1 1it* t*e )+( (ompan. &- )n app$icant ta0es an on$ine
4/ob ,itness5 test be,ore #eci#ing to app$. to t*e )+( (ompan.
&)$ Recruiting a#'ertisements in ne1spapers an# perio#ica$sF )-
are e3empt ,rom t*e re=uirements o, Tit$e G>>% +- are most
e,,ecti'e in attracting app$icants 1*o are current$. emp$o.e#% (-
are genera$$. not nee#e#% `&- t.pica$$. generate $ess #esirab$e
recruits t*an #irect app$ications or re,erra$s% &*$ T*e most
e,,ecti'e source ,or recruiters is )- re,erra$s% +- /ob ,airs%(-
t*e :eb% &- $oca$ ne1spapers%&+$ Gan Roe*$ing >nc%,
$ocate# in a sma$$ to1n 40 mi$es ,rom &etroit, is see0ing to
*ire ten pro#uction 1or0ers% T*e compan. a$so 1ants 'er. muc* to
impro'e t*e #i'ersit.o, its present$. a$$-1*ite, ma$e 1or0,orce%
:*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing combinations o, recruitment sources 1ou$# be
t*e best ,or t*e compan. to use2 )- Re,erra$s ,rom current
emp$o.ees an# 1a$0-in app$icants +- ) /ob searc* ,irm an# an
a#'ertisement in t*e $oca$ ne1spaper (- Re,erra$s ,rom current
emp$o.ees an# an a#'ertisement in t*e $oca$ ne1spaper &-
)#'ertisement in a metropo$itan &etroit ne1spaper an#
Mic*igan8s pub$ic emp$o.ment ser'ice &,$ H3ecuti'e searc* ,irms
6HS9s- )- are a re$ati'e$. e3pensi'e 1a. to recruit% +- 1or0 a$most
e3c$usi'e$. 1it* *ig*-$e'e$, unemp$o.e# e3ecuti'es% (- t.pica$$.
re=uire t*e person being p$ace# to ma0e t*e initia$ contact 1it*
t*e prospecti'e emp$o.er #irect$.% &- are not sub/ect to t*e
re=uirements o, Tit$e G>>% '-$ ;ie$# ratios e3press t*e )-
output .ie$#e# b. a ne1 *ire in re$ation to t*e cost o, recruiting
t*e ne1 *ire% +- percentage o, app$icants 1*o success,u$$. mo'e
,rom one stage o, t*e recruitment an# se$ection process to t*e
ne3t% (- #o$$ar costs per *ire% &- =ua$it. o, ne1 *ires b.
comparing t*e cost o, training t*e ne1 recruits to t*e cost o,
*iring t*em% '#$ T*e recruiting source t*at is $i0e$. to be $east
cost$. per recruit *ire# is )- a co$$egeIuni'ersit.% +- ne1spaper
a#s% (- an emp$o.ee re,erra$% &- an e3ecuti'e searc* ,irm% '%$
T*e recruiting source t*at is $i0e$. to *a'e t*e *ig*est .ie$#
ratio is )- a co$$egeIuni'ersit.% +- 1a$0-ins% (- a pub$ic
emp$o.ment agenc.% &- an e3ecuti'e searc* ,irm% `'&$ (ost
per *ire is )- use,u$ in estab$is*ing t*e e,,icienc. o, a
recruiting source% +- $o1er ,or pri'ate emp$o.ment agencies t*an
,or pub$ic emp$o.ment agencies% (- $o1er ,or e3ecuti'e recruits
t*an ,or c$erica$ recruits% &- a measure o, app$icant =ua$it.%
`''$ :*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing recruiter c*aracteristics #o app$icants
ten# to respon# to most positi'e$.2 )- :armt* +- Race 6same as
app$icant- (- )ge &- Gen#er '($ )$$ but one o, t*e ,o$$o1ing
1ou$# en*ance recruiter e,,ecti'eness% Aame t*e e3ception% )-
Hnsure recruiters pro'i#e app$icants 1it* time$. ,ee#bac0 +-
(on#uct #ua$-purpose recruitment an# se$ection inter'ie1s (- Hnsure
recruiters are 0no1$e#geab$e about compan. po$icies an# proce#ures
an# t*e c*aracteristics o, t*e position &- &o recruiting in
teams rat*er t*an in#i'i#ua$$. ')$ 777777 is per,orme# b.
#emonstrating t*at t*e items, =uestions, or prob$ems pose# b. a
test are a representati'e samp$e o, t*e 0in#s o, situations or
prob$ems t*at occur on t*e /ob% )- 9$e3ib$e 'a$i#ation +-
"re#icti'e 'a$i#ation (- (ontent 'a$i#ation &- (oncurrent
'a$i#ation '*$ (oncerns about t*e $arge ro$e t*at sub/ecti'e
/u#gments p$a. s*ou$# be greatest 1*en using )- pre#icti'e
criterion-re$ate# 'a$i#ation% +- concurrent criterion-re$ate#
'a$i#ation% (- content 'a$i#ation% &- test-retest estimates o,
re$iabi$it.% '+$ 777777 is #e,ine# as t*e #egree to 1*ic* t*e
'a$i#it. o, a se$ection met*o# estab$is*e# in one conte3t e3ten#s
to ot*er conte3ts%)- ?ti$it. +- Genera$izabi$it. (- Re$iabi$it.
&- Jega$it. ',$ T*e best a$ternati'e ,or 'a$i#ating se$ection
met*o#s ,or companies t*at cannot usecriterion-re$ate# or content
'a$i#ation is )- 'a$i#ation b. #emonstrating 'er. *ig* re$iabi$it.%
+- 'a$i#it. genera$ization% (- t*e use o, commercia$ se$ection
tests% `&- 'a$i#ation b. #emonstrating a 'er. $o1 stan#ar#
error o, measurement% (-$ T*e process o, #etermining statistica$$.
1*et*er criterion-re$ate# 'a$i#it. obtaine#in one samp$e *o$#s up
in anot*er samp$e is )- se$ection 'a$i#it.% +- cross 'a$i#ation% (-
pre#icti'e abi$it. ana$.sis% &- 'a$i#it. genera$ization% (#$
:*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing is not a primar. conte3t 1*ic* 1e mig*t
genera$ize2 )- #i,,erent situations+- #i,,erent geograp*ic areas(-
#i,,erent time perio#s &- #i,,erent samp$es o, peop$e (%$ T*e
#egree to 1*ic* t*e in,ormation pro'i#e# b. se$ection met*o#s
en*ances t*e e,,ecti'eness o, se$ecting personne$ in organizations
re,ers to t*e se$ection met*o#8s )- re$iabi$it.% +- 'a$i#it.% (-
genera$izabi$it.% &- uti$it.% (&$ T1o tests, ) an# +, *a'e
t*e same 'a$i#it. corre$ation bet1een t*e tests an# per,ormance%
>, t*e se$ection ratio is $o1er 1*en using Test ) t*an Test +,
t*e uti$it. o, Test ) )- is *ig*er t*an Test +% +- is $o1er t*an
Test +% (- *as no re$ations*ip to se$ection ratio% &- none o,
t*e abo'e% ('$ >, a measure o, some suppose#$. stab$e
c*aracteristic suc* as inte$$igence is re$iab$e, t*en t*e score a
person recei'es base# on t*at measure 1i$$ 777777 o'er time an# in
#i,,erent conte3ts% )- be consistent+- be re$ati'e$. t*e same (-
s$ig*t$. 'ar.&- 'ar. (($ :*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing is not one o,
t*e ,i'e generic stan#ar#s t*at s*ou$# be met in an. se$ection
process2 )- uti$it. +- 'a$i#it. (- re$iabi$it. &- *onest. `()$
77777 is t*e #egree to 1*ic* a measure is ,ree ,rom ran#om error%
)- Genera$ization +- ?ti$it.% (- Re$iabi$it. &- Honest. (*$ T*e
e3tent to 1*ic* per,ormance on t*e se$ection measure 6i%e%, t*e
pre#ictor- is associate# 1it* per,ormance on t*e /ob is ca$$e# )-
re$iabi$it.% +- 'a$i#it.% (- genera$izabi$it.% &- uti$it.% (+$
:*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing is not a 1a. to increase t*e re$iabi$it. o,
a test2 )- ma0e t*e test easier% +- ma0e t*e test $onger% (- 1rite
c$ear an# unambiguous instructions% &- use computer a#apti'e
testing% )ns1erK ) "ageK 2!1 J@K 1 &i,,icu$t.K Me#ium ))(S+K L
+TK Eno1$e#ge(,$ ;ou 1ou$# be in t*e best position to #eci#e
1*et*er or not to *ire one app$icant 'ersus anot*er base# on t*eir
respecti'e scores on a cogniti'e abi$it. test i, )- a content
'a$i#ation #esign *a# been use#% +- a concurrent criterion-re$ate#
#esign *a# been use#% (- re$iabi$it. o, t*e test 1as 0no1n% &-
it 1as s*o1n t*at t*e 'a$i#it. o, t*e test 1as 4situationa$$.
speci,ic%5 )-$ &uring an inter'ie1 ,or a sa$es position, .ou
are as0e# t*e ,o$$o1ing =uestionK 4Suppose one o, .our c$ients
re,uses to spea0 to .ou a,ter .ou $ost one o, *is or#ers<
1*at1ou$# .ou #o to regain *is business25 :*at t.pe o, inter'ie1
=uestion is t*is2)- Cob-s0i$$ +- Cob 0no1$e#ge (- Situationa$
e3perience-base# &- Situationa$ ,uture-oriente# )#$ 777777 is
an inter'ie1 proce#ure 1*ere app$icants are con,ronte# 1it*
speci,ic issues, =uestions, or prob$ems t*at are $i0e$. to arise on
t*e /ob% )- H3pertise inter'ie1 +- Re,erence inter'ie1 (-
"ast-base# inter'ie1 &- Situationa$ inter'ie1 )%$ @, t*e
,o$$o1ing, .our greatest concern regar#ing t*e use o, a cogniti'e
abi$it. `testing s*ou$# be t*at )- t*e 'a$i#it. coe,,icient 1as
'a$i#ate# in one situation, an# .ou 1ou$# be genera$izing it to
anot*er situation% +- t*e true 'a$i#it. coe,,icient is $i0e$. to be
substantia$$. $o1er because o, t*e passage o, time% (- cogniti'e
abi$it. tests *a'e been s*o1n to *a'e an a#'erse impact on ),rican
)merican app$icants% &- because o, t*e costs in'o$'e#,
cogniti'e abi$it. tests t.pica$$. *a'e $o1 uti$it.% )&$ ) test
t*at #i,,erentiates in#i'i#ua$s base# on menta$ capacities is
ca$$e# a )- inte$$ectua$ test +- concurrent re$iabi$it. test (-
cogniti'e abi$it. test &- *onest. test )'$ :*at t.pe o, abi$it.
is concerne# 1it* t*e spee# an# accurac. 1it* 1*ic* one canso$'e
arit*metic prob$ems o, a$$ 0in#s2 )- 'erba$ compre*ension +-
=uantitati'e abi$it. (- =ua$itati'e abi$it. &- reasoning
abi$it. )($ :*ic* persona$it. #imension *as genera$$. been ,oun# to
*a'e t*e *ig*est 'a$i#it. across a number o, #i,,erent /ob
categories2 )- H3tro'ersion +- )#/ustment (- )greeab$eness &-
(onscientiousness ))$ :*ic* one o, t*e ,o$$o1ing is not among 4t*e
+ig 9i'e52 )- >nte$$igence+- )#/ustment (- (onscientiousness
&- >n=uisiti'eness )*$ ) t.ping test ,or an a#ministrati'e
assistant /ob is an e3amp$e o, a )- spatia$ abi$ities test% +-
perceptua$ accurac. test% (- 1or0 samp$e test% &- mec*anica$
test% )+$ )n assessment center )- is a p$ace 1*ere /ob app$icants
un#ergo menta$ an# p*.sica$ ana$.sis% +- is re$ati'e$. ine3pensi'e%
`(- uses mu$tip$e se$ection met*o#s to rate eit*er app$icants or
/ob incumbents on t*eir manageria$ potentia$% &- is a se$ection
met*o# use# ,or a$$ t.pes o, positions% ),$ :*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing
se$ection #e'ices t.pica$$. *as t*e highest 'a$i#it. re$ati'eto t*e
ot*ers2 )- +iograp*ica$ in,ormation +- (ogniti'e abi$it. tests (-
Honest. tests &- "ersona$it. in'entories*-$ :or0 samp$e tests
ten# to *a'e )- *ig* re$iabi$it., *ig* 'a$i#it., an# $o1 uti$it.%
+- *ig* re$iabi$it., *ig* 'a$i#it., an# *ig* genera$izabi$it.% (-
*ig* 'a$i#it., *ig* genera$izabi$it., an# mo#erate uti$it.% &-
*ig* 'a$i#it., *ig* $ega$it., an# *ig* uti$it.% *#$ "*.sica$
abi$it. tests ten# to *a'e )- *ig* re$iabi$it., mo#erate to *ig*
'a$i#it., an# $o1 genera$izabi$it.% +- mo#erate re$iabi$it.,
mo#erate 'a$i#it., an# mo#erate genera$izabi$it.% (- mo#erate to
*ig* 'a$i#it., *ig* $ega$it., an# mo#erate genera$izabi$it.% &-
*ig* 'a$i#it., $o1 genera$izabi$it., an# *ig* uti$it.% *%$ &rug
tests ten# to *a'e)- *ig* re$iabi$it., $o1 'a$i#it., an# $o1
$ega$it.% +- *ig* re$iabi$it., *ig* 'a$i#it., an# *ig*
genera$izabi$it.% (- mo#erate 'a$i#it., *ig* $ega$it., an# mo#erate
genera$izabi$it.% &- $o1 'a$i#it., $o1 $ega$it., an# $o1
uti$it.% *&$ Re,erence c*ec0s ten# to *a'e )- mo#erate
re$iabi$it., mo#erate 'a$i#it., an# mo#erate uti$it.% +- mo#erate
'a$i#it., *ig* genera$izabi$it., an# mo#erate uti$it.% (- $o1
'a$i#it., *ig* $ega$it., an# *ig* genera$izabi$it.% &- $o1
'a$i#it., $o1 genera$izabi$it., an# $o1 uti$it.% *'$ "ersona$it.
in'entories ten# to *a'e )- mo#erate re$iabi$it., mo#erate
6criterion- 'a$i#it., an# mo#erate uti$it.% +- *ig* 'a$i#it., *ig*
genera$izabi$it., an# *ig* uti$it.% (- *ig* re$iabi$it., $o1
6criterion- 'a$i#it., an# $o1 genera$izabi$it.% &- mo#erate
uti$it., $o1 genera$izabi$it., an# mo#erate 6criterion- 'a$i#it.%
*($ :*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing se$ection met*o#s t.pica$$. in'o$'es t*e
$east concern about t*e $ega$it. o, its use2 )- >nter'ie1s +-
"ersona$it. in'entories (- Honest. tests `&- :or0 samp$e tests
*)$ T*e genera$ met*o# o, estab$is*ing t*e 'a$i#it. o, a se$ection
met*o# b. s*o1ing t*at t*ere is an empirica$ association bet1een
scores on t*e se$ection measure an# scores ,or /ob per,ormance is
ca$$e# )- criterion-re$ate# 'a$i#ation% +- sp$it-*a$, estimate o,
'a$i#ation% (- content 'a$i#ation% &- re$iabi$it. o, t*e
measurement an# 'a$i#ation% **$ To test t*e 'a$i#it. o, .our
se$ection #e'ice ,or 1i#get ma0ers, .ou *a'e gi'en it to t*e
present 1i#get ma0ers in .our compan. an# corre$ate# it 1it* t*eir
$atest per,ormance appraisa$ scores% :*at t.pe o, strateg. *a'e .ou
use#2 )- "re#icti'e criterion-re$ate# 'a$i#ation +- (ontent
'a$i#ation (- (oncurrent criterion-re$ate# 'a$i#ation &-
?ti$it. *+$ ;ou 1ant to estab$is* t*e 'a$i#it. o, a test #esigne#
,or computer tec*nicians using a pre#icti'e criterion-re$ate#
'a$i#ation strateg.% To #o so, .ou must a#minister t*e test to )-
at $east *a$, .our present computer tec*nicians% +- peop$e #oing
simi$ar /obs in ot*er companies% (- peop$e app$.ing ,or computer
tec*nician /obs in .our compan.% &- on$. .our current computer
tec*nicians 1*o are per,orming at or abo'e acceptab$e $e'e$s% *,$
+ecause current emp$o.ees *a'e $earne# man. t*ings on t*e /ob t*at
/ob app$icants *a'e not .et $earne#, )- a$$ pre#icti'e met*o#s are
ine,,ecti'e% +- content 'a$i#ation is superior to pre#icti'e
'a$i#ation% (- concurrent 'a$i#ation is superior to content
'a$i#ation% &- pre#icti'e 'a$i#ation is superior to concurrent
'a$i#ation% +-$ :*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing 'a$i#ation strategies is
most $i0e$. to be a#'erse$. a,,ecte# b. t*e 4restriction o, range5
prob$em t*at resu$ts ,rom current emp$o.ees ten#ingto be
*omogeneous2 )- "re#icti'e criterion-re$ate# +- (oncurrent
criterion-re$ate# (- (ontent &- 9ace +#$ ) criterion-re$ate#
'a$i#ation stu#. 1it* a sma$$ samp$e o, emp$o.ees 6e%g%, 20 peop$e
`)- is muc* more e,,icient an#, as a resu$t, is $i0e$. to *a'e *ig*
uti$it.% +- re=uires man. sub/ecti'e /u#gments about 1*et*er t*e
s0i$$ or 0no1$e#ge assesse# is essentia$ to t*e /ob% (- re=uires
t*e use o, a concurrent criterion-re$ate# #esign% &- is a$most
#oome# to ,ai$ ,rom t*e start% +%$ :*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing ,orms o,
'a$i#ation becomes re$ati'e$. more attracti'e as t*e samp$e
a'ai$ab$e ,or 'a$i#ation becomes sma$$er2 )- "re#icti'e
criterion-re$ate# +- (oncurrent criterion-re$ate# (- (ontent
'a$i#ation &- 9ace 'a$i#ation +&$ ?n$i0e pre#icti'e an#
concurrent 'a$i#it., content 'a$i#it. is )- measure# statistica$$.%
+- more 'a$i#% (- base# on /u#gments% &- not $ega$$. appro'e#%
+'$ :*ic* o, t*e ,o$$o1ing statements is true regar#ing t*e
re$ations*ip o, re$iabi$it. to 'a$i#it.2)% Re$iabi$it. is t*e
#egree to 1*ic* a measure 6i%e%, a se$ection #e'ice- is ,ree ,rom
ran#om error%+% Ga$i#it. is t*e e3tent to 1*ic* per,ormance on a
measure is associate# 1it* per,ormance on t*e /ob%(% T*e
re$ations*ip is t*at a measure t*at must be re$iab$e to be
'a$i#< but a re$iab$e measure is not necessari$. a 'a$i# one%
&% )$$ o, t*e abo'e+($ T*e 'a$i#it. o, /ob inter'ie1s can be
ma3imize# b.K)% Eeeping t*e inter'ie1 structures stan#ar#ize# an#
,ocuse# on accomp$is*ing a sma$$ number o, goa$s+% )s0ing =uestions
t*at ,orce t*e app$icant to #isp$a. re=uire# 0no1$e#ge or abi$it.
6e%g%, situationa$ inter'ie1 =uestions-(% ?sing mu$tip$e
inter'ie1ers 1*o are traine#&% )$$ o, t*e abo'e +)$ *o1#oes a
/ob samp$e testmeet t*e #eman#s o, re$iabi$it., 'a$i#it.,
genera$izabi$it., uti$it., an# $ega$it.2 )% :or0 samp$e tests
attempt to simu$ate t*e /ob in some miniaturize# ,orm% T*e.
genera$$. *a'e *ig* re$iabi$it., *ig* 'a$i#it., $o1
genera$izabi$it., *ig* uti$it., an# *ig* $ega$it.% +% )s0ing
=uestions t*at ,orce t*e app$icant to #isp$a. re=uire# 0no1$e#ge or
abi$it. 6e%g%, situationa$ inter'ie1 =uestions-(% ?sing mu$tip$e
inter'ie1ers 1*o are traine#`&% )$$ o, t*e abo'e `+*$ )
construction ,irm is in nee# o, a construction superinten#ent,
1*ose primar. responsibi$ities in'o$'e organizing, super'ising, an#
inspecting t*e 1or0 o, se'era$ subcontractors% >t a#ministers a
construction-error recognition test, 1*ere an app$icant enters into
a s*e# t*at *as been specia$$. constructe# to *a'e 2B common an#
e3pensi'e errors an# 1*ere *e or s*e is as0e# to recor# as man. o,
t*ese prob$ems as can be #etecte#% :*at t.pe o, 'a$i#ation 1ou$#
best be use# ,or t*e test)- (oncurrent criterion-re$ate# +-
"re#icti'e criterion-re$ate# (- (ontent &- Stan#ar# error o,
t*e measurement ++$) ,irm is see0ing to *ire 1B e$ectricians% >t
inten#s to *ire on$. e3perience# e$ectricians an#, as a resu$t, *as
no p$ans to train t*em% ) test is #e'e$ope# t*at re=uires
app$icants to i#enti,. t*e mista0es in a mis1ire# circuit an# to
t*en correct t*em b. re1iring t*e circuit proper$.% :*at 1ou$# be
t*e most appropriate met*o# to use in 'a$i#ating t*is test2 )-
(oncurrent criterion-re$ate# 'a$i#ation +- "re#icti'e
criterion-re$ate# 'a$i#ation (- (onstruct 'a$i#ation &- (ontent
'a$i#ation +,$ Human Resource Management is Recruitment an#
Se$ection)%- T*e statement is true+%- T*e statement is ,a$se(%- T*e
statement is commonsense&%- Aone o, t*e abo'e,-$ Recruitment
an# se$ection is Human Resource Management)%- T*e statement is
true+%- T*e statement is ,a$se(%- T*e statement is
commonsense&%- Aone o, t*e abo'e
