Chapter 5

The Integumentary System and Body

Membranes

Chapter 5Chapter 5

ObjectivesObjectives

Classify, compare the structure of, and Classify, compare the structure of, and give examples of each type of body give examples of each type of body membrane.membrane.

Describe the structure and function of Describe the structure and function of the epidermis and dermis.the epidermis and dermis.

List and briefly describe each accessory List and briefly describe each accessory organ of the skin.organ of the skin.

List and discuss the three primary List and discuss the three primary functions of the integumentary system.functions of the integumentary system.

QuestionQuestion

What are the four What are the four major types of major types of

membranes in the membranes in the body?body?

MembranesMembranes

Epithelial membranesEpithelial membranes Mucous MembranesMucous Membranes Serous membranesSerous membranes

– Pleura Pleura – PericardiumPericardium– PeritoneumPeritoneum

Connective Tissue MembranesConnective Tissue Membranes

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CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANESCLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES

Epithelial membranesEpithelial membranes–Cutaneous membrane—Cutaneous membrane—the skinthe skin

–More later!!More later!!

Classification of Classification of Body MembranesBody Membranes

Mucous membranesMucous membranes– Line body surfaces that open directly to Line body surfaces that open directly to

the exteriorthe exterior– Produce mucus, a thick secretion that Produce mucus, a thick secretion that

keeps the membranes soft and moistkeeps the membranes soft and moist

What are examples of mucous What are examples of mucous membranes?membranes?

SerousSerous MembranesMembranes Line the cavities that do not Line the cavities that do not

open to the outside worldopen to the outside world Double layeredDouble layered

– Visceral Visceral – ParietalParietal

Serous fluid is in the cavity Serous fluid is in the cavity between thembetween them

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Synovial MembranesSynovial Membranes

Connective tissue membranesConnective tissue membranes– Do not contain epithelial Do not contain epithelial

componentscomponents– Produce a lubricant called Produce a lubricant called synovial synovial

fluidfluid– Examples are the synovial Examples are the synovial

membranes in the spaces between membranes in the spaces between joints and in the lining of bursal joints and in the lining of bursal sacssacs

Disorders of Disorders of Body MembranesBody Membranes

DiseasesDiseases– Pleurisy—inflammation of the serous Pleurisy—inflammation of the serous

membranes that line the chest cavity membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungsand cover the lungs

– Peritonitis—inflammation of the serous Peritonitis—inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity that membranes in the abdominal cavity that

line the walls and cover the abdominal line the walls and cover the abdominal

organsorgans

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

Integument = Integument = coveringcovering Consists of:Consists of:

– SkinSkin– Accessory Organs:Accessory Organs:

HairHairNailsNailsGlandsGlands

The largest organ of the body is the The largest organ of the body is the SkinSkin

QuestionQuestion

What are the What are the functions of the functions of the

skin?skin?

Functions of SkinFunctions of Skin

Protects from injuriesProtects from injuries Acts as barrier and regulates what Acts as barrier and regulates what

enters/leaves body.enters/leaves body. Regulates body temperature.Regulates body temperature. Synthesizes, stores vitamins.Synthesizes, stores vitamins. Sensory functionsSensory functions

Functions of the SkinFunctions of the Skin

Sense organ activitySense organ activity– Skin functions as an enormous sense Skin functions as an enormous sense

organorgan– Receptors serve as receivers for the Receptors serve as receivers for the

body, keeping it informed of changes in body, keeping it informed of changes in its environment—disorders of the skin its environment—disorders of the skin (dermatoses)(dermatoses)

Functions of the SkinFunctions of the Skin

Protection—first line of defenseProtection—first line of defense– Against infection by microbesAgainst infection by microbes– Against ultraviolet rays from sunAgainst ultraviolet rays from sun– Against harmful chemicalsAgainst harmful chemicals– Against cuts and tearsAgainst cuts and tears– Skin grafts Skin grafts

Structure of the SkinStructure of the Skin

3 main layers from superficial to deep3 main layers from superficial to deep1) Epidermis1) Epidermis

Epi- Epi- derm/o -isderm/o -isaboveabove skinskin structurestructure

““structure above the skin”structure above the skin”

a. Thin cellular membrane layera. Thin cellular membrane layer

2) Dermis2) Dermis

Derm/oDerm/o -is-is

SkinSkin structurestructure

““true skin”true skin”

a. thick, contains connective tissue a. thick, contains connective tissue layer with collagen and elastic fibers, layer with collagen and elastic fibers, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue and bloodtissue, nervous tissue and blood

Structure of the Skin (cont’d)Structure of the Skin (cont’d)

Sensory Structures of DermisSensory Structures of Dermis

Deep touch/pressure: Pacinian Deep touch/pressure: Pacinian corpusclescorpuscles

Light touch/pressure: Meisner’s Light touch/pressure: Meisner’s corpusclescorpuscles

Warm temperature: Free nerve Warm temperature: Free nerve endingsendings

Cold temperature: Free nerve Cold temperature: Free nerve endingsendings

Pain: Free nerve endingsPain: Free nerve endings

3) Subcutaneous tissue3) Subcutaneous tissue

Sub-Sub- cutane/ocutane/o -us-us

BelowBelow skinskin structurestructure

““structure below the skin”structure below the skin”

a. thick, fat-containing tissuea. thick, fat-containing tissue

Structure of the Skin (cont’d)Structure of the Skin (cont’d)

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)

Recognized by adipose tissue.

QuestionQuestion

What are some of What are some of the appendages of the appendages of

the skin?the skin?

The SkinThe Skin

Appendages of the skinAppendages of the skin– Hair Hair

Soft hair of fetus and newborn called Soft hair of fetus and newborn called lanugolanugoHair growth requires epidermal tube-like Hair growth requires epidermal tube-like structure called structure called hair folliclehair follicleHair growth begins from hair papillaHair growth begins from hair papilla

The SkinThe Skin

Appendages of the skinAppendages of the skin– HairHair

Hair root lies hidden in follicle; visible part of Hair root lies hidden in follicle; visible part of

hair called hair called shaftshaftAlopecia hair lossAlopecia hair lossArrector pili—specialized smooth muscle Arrector pili—specialized smooth muscle

that produces “goose pimples” and causes that produces “goose pimples” and causes hair to stand up straighthair to stand up straight

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The SkinThe Skin

NailsNails – Produced by epidermal cells over Produced by epidermal cells over

terminal ends of fingers and toesterminal ends of fingers and toes– Visible part called Visible part called nail bodynail body– Root lies in a groove and is hidden by Root lies in a groove and is hidden by cuticlecuticle– Crescent-shaped area nearest root Crescent-shaped area nearest root

called called lunulalunula– Nail bed may change color with change Nail bed may change color with change

in blood flowin blood flow

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The SkinThe Skin

Skin glandsSkin glands– TypesTypes

Sweat or sudoriferousSweat or sudoriferousSebaceousSebaceous

The SkinThe Skin Skin glandsSkin glands

– Sweat or sudoriferous glandsSweat or sudoriferous glandsTypesTypes

– Eccrine sweat glandEccrine sweat glandMost numerous, important, and Most numerous, important, and widespread of the sweat glandwidespread of the sweat glandProduce perspiration or sweat, which Produce perspiration or sweat, which flows out through pores on skin flows out through pores on skin

surfacesurfaceFunction throughout life and assist in Function throughout life and assist in body heat regulationbody heat regulation



– Apocrine sweat glandApocrine sweat glandFound primarily in axilla and around Found primarily in axilla and around

genitaliagenitaliaSecrete a thicker, milky secretion quite Secrete a thicker, milky secretion quite

different from eccrine perspirationdifferent from eccrine perspirationBreakdown of secretion by skin Breakdown of secretion by skin

bacteria produces odorbacteria produces odor



– Sebaceous glandSebaceous glandSecrete oil or sebum for hair and skinSecrete oil or sebum for hair and skinLevel of secretion increases during Level of secretion increases during

adolescenceadolescenceAmount of secretion regulated by sex Amount of secretion regulated by sex

hormoneshormonesSebum in sebaceous gland ducts may Sebum in sebaceous gland ducts may

darken to form a blackheaddarken to form a blackheadAcne vulgaris inflammation of Acne vulgaris inflammation of

sebaceous gland ductssebaceous gland ducts

DermisDermis

Sweat glandSebaceous glandArrector pili muscleBlood vessels

The SkinThe Skin

Appendages of the skinAppendages of the skin– Receptors Receptors

Specialized nerve endings—make it possible Specialized nerve endings—make it possible

for skin to act as a sense organfor skin to act as a sense organMeissner’s corpuscle—capable of detecting Meissner’s corpuscle—capable of detecting

light touchlight touchPacinian corpuscle—capable of detecting Pacinian corpuscle—capable of detecting

pressurepressure

Quick QuizQuick Quiz

Which layer does not have a blood Which layer does not have a blood supply?supply?


Which layer has the pigment cells?Which layer has the pigment cells?


What is that pigment called?What is that pigment called?


Which layer has the fatty tissue?Which layer has the fatty tissue?


Which part of the epidermis is Which part of the epidermis is undergoing mitosis all the time?undergoing mitosis all the time?

Case StudyCase Study

Katie is a 15-year-old girl who is very Katie is a 15-year-old girl who is very upset because of the pimples on her upset because of the pimples on her face. She cannot understand why her face. She cannot understand why her little sister Kimberly, who is 7, little sister Kimberly, who is 7, doesn’t have acne.doesn’t have acne.

QuestionQuestion What explanation can you give Katie What explanation can you give Katie

concerning her skin?concerning her skin? A.A. In several years Kimberly also will have In several years Kimberly also will have

acne.acne. B.B. Acne is present most likely because Acne is present most likely because

she doesn’t wash her face.she doesn’t wash her face. C.C. Acne is an allergic reaction to certain Acne is an allergic reaction to certain

creams used on the face.creams used on the face. D.D. Acne in adolescence is a result of Acne in adolescence is a result of

overactive sebaceous glands.overactive sebaceous glands.

QuestionQuestion

Katie is embarrassed because of the Katie is embarrassed because of the pimples on her face. Her mother has pimples on her face. Her mother has decided to seek medical attention. decided to seek medical attention. What sort of doctor will she probably What sort of doctor will she probably see?see?

A.A. dermatologistdermatologist B.B. cosmetic specialistcosmetic specialist C.C. plastic surgeonplastic surgeon D.D. pediatricianpediatrician

QuestionQuestion

Which of the following statements Which of the following statements about hair follicles is true?about hair follicles is true?

A.A. Arrector pili muscles are Arrector pili muscles are associated with them.associated with them.

B.B. Sudoriferous glands empty into Sudoriferous glands empty into them.them.

C.C. They arise directly from the They arise directly from the epidermis layer of skin.epidermis layer of skin.

D.D. All of the above.All of the above.

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BurnsBurns

– Classification of burnsClassification of burnsFirst-degree (partial-thickness) burns—First-degree (partial-thickness) burns—

only the surface layers of epidermis only the surface layers of epidermis involvedinvolved

Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns—Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns—involve the deep epidermal layers and involve the deep epidermal layers and always cause injury to the upper layers of always cause injury to the upper layers of the dermisthe dermis

Third-degree (full-thickness) burns—Third-degree (full-thickness) burns—characterized by complete destruction of characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis and the epidermis and dermis and subcutaneous tissues.subcutaneous tissues.

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THE SKINTHE SKIN

BurnsBurns– Treatment and recovery or survival Treatment and recovery or survival

depend on total area involved and depend on total area involved and severity or depth of the burnseverity or depth of the burn

– Body surface area is estimated Body surface area is estimated using the “rule of nines” (Figure 5-8) using the “rule of nines” (Figure 5-8) in adultsin adultsBody is divided into 11 areas of 9% Body is divided into 11 areas of 9%

eacheachAdditional 1% located around genitalsAdditional 1% located around genitals

BurnsBurns First-degree (partial-thickness) burnsFirst-degree (partial-thickness) burns

—only surface layers of epidermis —only surface layers of epidermis involvedinvolved Second-degree (partial-thickness) Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns—involve the deep epidermal burns—involve the deep epidermal layers and always cause injury to the layers and always cause injury to the

upper layers of the dermisupper layers of the dermis

BurnsBurns Third-degree (full-thickness) burns Third-degree (full-thickness) burns (Figure 6-14) characterized by complete (Figure 6-14) characterized by complete

destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissuesubcutaneous tissue– May involve underlying muscle and bone May involve underlying muscle and bone

(fourth-degree)(fourth-degree)– Lesion is insensitive to pain because of Lesion is insensitive to pain because of

destruction of nerve endings immediately destruction of nerve endings immediately after injury—intense pain is soon after injury—intense pain is soon experiencedexperienced

BurnsBurns

Estimating body surface area using Estimating body surface area using the “rule of nines” in adultsthe “rule of nines” in adults– Body divided into 11 areas of 9% eachBody divided into 11 areas of 9% each– Additional 1% of body surface area Additional 1% of body surface area

around genitalsaround genitals

Skin LesionsSkin Lesions Elevated lesions—cast a shadow Elevated lesions—cast a shadow outside their edgesoutside their edges

– Papule—small, firm raised lesionPapule—small, firm raised lesion– Plaque—large raised lesionPlaque—large raised lesion– Vesicle—blisterVesicle—blister– Pustule—pus-filled lesionPustule—pus-filled lesion– Crust—scabCrust—scab– Wheal (hive)—raised, firm lesion with a Wheal (hive)—raised, firm lesion with a light centerlight center

Skin LesionsSkin Lesions Flat lesions—do not cast a shadowFlat lesions—do not cast a shadow

– Macule—flat, discolored regionMacule—flat, discolored region Depressed lesions cast a shadow Depressed lesions cast a shadow

within their edgeswithin their edges– Excoriation—missing epidermis, as in a Excoriation—missing epidermis, as in a

scratch woundscratch wound– Ulcer—craterlike lesionUlcer—craterlike lesion– Fissure—deep crack or breakFissure—deep crack or break

Skin CancerSkin Cancer Three common typesThree common types

– Squamous cell carcinoma—the most Squamous cell carcinoma—the most common type, characterized by hard, common type, characterized by hard, raised tumorsraised tumors– Basal cell carcinoma—characterized by Basal cell carcinoma—characterized by

papules with a central crater; rarely papules with a central crater; rarely spreadsspreads– Melanoma—malignancy in a nevus Melanoma—malignancy in a nevus

(mole); the most serious type(mole); the most serious type

Skin CancerSkin Cancer

The most important causative factor The most important causative factor in common skin cancers is exposure in common skin cancers is exposure to sunlightto sunlight

Kaposi sarcoma, characterized by Kaposi sarcoma, characterized by

purple lesions, is associated with purple lesions, is associated with AIDS and other immune deficienciesAIDS and other immune deficiencies

Skin InfectionsSkin Infections Impetigo—highly contagious Impetigo—highly contagious

staphylococcal infectionstaphylococcal infection– Tinea—fungal infection (mycosis) of the Tinea—fungal infection (mycosis) of the

skin; several forms occurskin; several forms occur– Boils—furuncles; staphylococcal infection Boils—furuncles; staphylococcal infection

in hair folliclesin hair follicles– Scabies—parasitic infectionScabies—parasitic infection

Vascular and Vascular and Inflammatory Skin DisordersInflammatory Skin Disorders

Decubitus ulcers (bedsores) develop when Decubitus ulcers (bedsores) develop when pressure slows down blood flow to local pressure slows down blood flow to local

areas of the skinareas of the skin Urticaria or hives—red lesions caused by Urticaria or hives—red lesions caused by fluid loss from blood vesselsfluid loss from blood vessels Scleroderma—disorder of vessels and Scleroderma—disorder of vessels and

connective tissue characterized by connective tissue characterized by hardening hardening

of the skin; two types: localized and of the skin; two types: localized and systemicsystemic

Vascular and Vascular and Inflammatory Skin DisordersInflammatory Skin Disorders

Psoriasis—chronic inflammatory Psoriasis—chronic inflammatory

condition accompanied by scaly condition accompanied by scaly

plaquesplaques Eczema—common inflammatory Eczema—common inflammatory

condition characterized by papules, condition characterized by papules, vesicles, vesicles,

and crusts; not a disease and crusts; not a disease

itself but a symptom of an underlying itself but a symptom of an underlying

conditioncondition

PSORIASISPSORIASIS

Let’s Review!Let’s Review!

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Which type of body membrane Which type of body membrane lines the digestive tract?lines the digestive tract?

A.A. Cutaneous membraneCutaneous membraneB.B. Tympanic membraneTympanic membraneC.C. Serous membraneSerous membraneD.D. Synovial membraneSynovial membraneE.E. Mucous membraneMucous membrane

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Which is the thickest partWhich is the thickest partof the skin?of the skin?

A.A. EpidermisEpidermisB.B. DermisDermis

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The gland that produces a The gland that produces a “conditioning cream” for the “conditioning cream” for the

hair and skin is thehair and skin is the

A.A. Eccrine sweat glandEccrine sweat glandB.B. Apocrine sweat glandApocrine sweat glandC.C. Sebaceous glandSebaceous glandD.D. Mammary glandMammary glandE.E. Ceruminous glandCeruminous gland

The skin plays important The skin plays important roles in maintaining a stable roles in maintaining a stable

body temperature.body temperature.

A.A. TrueTrueB.B. FalseFalse

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What is the largest sensory What is the largest sensory organ of the body?organ of the body?

A.A. EyeEyeB.B. EarEarC.C. TongueTongueD.D.SkinSkinE.E. NoseNose

What characterizes second-What characterizes second-degree burns?degree burns?

A.A. blistersblistersB.B. swellingswellingC.C. severe painsevere painD.D. all of the aboveall of the above

Questions?Questions?

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Chapter 5