World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)

Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman

Chapter 5: Chapter 5:

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa

Robert M. ArthurRobert M. Arthur

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa

RegionsRegions• West Africa, East West Africa, East

Africa and South Africa and South AfricaAfrica

• The Horn, The Horn, equatorial Africa, equatorial Africa, Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Islands and the Islands and the Sahal Sahal

• 42 mainland countries42 mainland countries• 6 island nations6 island nations• 2 French territories2 French territories• 688 million people688 million people

Setting the BoundariesSetting the Boundaries

Africa south of the Sahara DesertAfrica south of the Sahara Desert• 43 mainland states plus the island 43 mainland states plus the island

nations of Madagascar, Cape Verde, São nations of Madagascar, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Mauritius and the French territory of Mauritius and the French territory of ReunionReunion

Similar livelihood systemsSimilar livelihood systems Shared colonial experienceShared colonial experience

Sub-SaharanAfrica

Zambezi National Park

ResourcesResources

Volcanic RockVolcanic Rock• Crystalline Crystalline

rocks – rocks – mineralsminerals

Sedimentary Sedimentary Rocks – Fossil Rocks – Fossil FuelsFuels

Major LandformsMajor Landforms

Plateau ContinentPlateau Continent• BasinsBasins• HighlandsHighlands• Rift ValleyRift Valley

Tectonic activityTectonic activity SeparatingSeparating Long lakesLong lakes

• RiversRivers CongoCongo ZambeziZambezi

• Victoria FallsVictoria Falls NigerNiger OrangeOrange LimpopoLimpopo

Climate

Imagine you are traveling from the Equator to the Tropic of Capricorn. Describe the biomes you would travelthrough based on climatic information.

African BiomesAfrican Biomes

Tropical Forests

Savannas Deserts

ClimateClimate

Mostly TropicalMostly Tropical• Intertropical Intertropical

Convergence Convergence Zone (ITCZ)Zone (ITCZ)

Rising airRising air Heavy rainfallHeavy rainfall

• Subtropical HighsSubtropical Highs Descending airDescending air Desert conditionsDesert conditions HarmattanHarmattan

Environmental Issues – Overview

The Sahel and DesertificationThe Sahel and Desertification SahelSahel

• Transitional ZoneTransitional Zone Southern ChadSouthern Chad

Prolonged DroughtProlonged Drought

Human ImpactsHuman Impacts• OvergrazingOvergrazing• Agricultural expansionAgricultural expansion

FamineFamine• Central NigerCentral Niger

Monitoring Land Cover and Monitoring Land Cover and Conservation in NigerConservation in Niger

1975 2003

DeforestationDeforestation Aggravates soil Aggravates soil

erosion, moisture erosion, moisture loss, and shortage loss, and shortage of biofuelsof biofuels

Impact on wildlife Impact on wildlife habitathabitat

Fuelwood in Addis Ababaand Deforestation in Madagascar

DamsDams

Hydroelectric Hydroelectric PotentialPotential• Power for mines, Power for mines,

smelting, public smelting, public consumption, and consumption, and exportexport

• Negative effectsNegative effects RelocationRelocation Destruction of good Destruction of good

landland Decreased river flowDecreased river flow SiltationSiltation Increases in Increases in

diseasesdiseases

Diseases, Insects & PestsDiseases, Insects & Pests

Affects People and LivestockAffects People and Livestock• Vectors: tsetse fly, mosquitoes, snails, wormsVectors: tsetse fly, mosquitoes, snails, worms• Malaria, river blindness, sleeping sickness, Malaria, river blindness, sleeping sickness,

yellow fever, and intestinal parasitesyellow fever, and intestinal parasites

AgricultureAgriculture

Less than 30% Less than 30% arablearable

Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation• Slash and burnSlash and burn

Bush FallowBush Fallow IntercroppingIntercropping Flood Plain FarmingFlood Plain Farming PastoralismPastoralism

• TranshumanceTranshumance

Environment & ConservationEnvironment & Conservation

10% of Land Under 10% of Land Under ProtectionProtection

5% Park or Animal 5% Park or Animal PreservePreserve

PoachingPoaching• ElephantsElephants

Tusks used for ivoryTusks used for ivory

• RhinocerosRhinoceros Rhino hornRhino horn

Wildlife ConservationWildlife Conservation Wildlife ReservesWildlife Reserves

• East AfricaEast Africa• Southern AfricaSouthern Africa

Cyber TrackerCyber Tracker

CITESCITES• Ban on Ivory Ban on Ivory

TradeTradeKruger National Park, South Africa

MadagascarMadagascar

Unique IslandUnique Island• 44thth largest largest• Diverse environmentDiverse environment• Diverse flora and faunaDiverse flora and fauna• Settled by IndonesiansSettled by Indonesians• Colonized by the FrenchColonized by the French• Extremely poorExtremely poor

Subsistence farmingSubsistence farming

• DeforestationDeforestation

The SahelThe Sahel

Southern Edge Southern Edge of the Saharan of the Saharan DesertDesert• Grassland and Grassland and

PasturelandPastureland Nomadic Nomadic

pastoralismpastoralism Cereal farmingCereal farming

DesertificationDesertification

• 1968-1973 Drought and 1968-1973 Drought and FamineFamine

• ReforestationReforestation

• Famine Early Warning SystemFamine Early Warning System

• Diversification StrategiesDiversification Strategies

Sub-Saharan Africa in the World- SystemSub-Saharan Africa in the World- System

Origin of Humans – 2 Million Years AgoOrigin of Humans – 2 Million Years Ago Trading Societies – 5,000 Years AgoTrading Societies – 5,000 Years Ago European Domination – 500 Years AgoEuropean Domination – 500 Years Ago Independence from 1950 onIndependence from 1950 on

• Difficult transition to independenceDifficult transition to independence Artificial bordersArtificial borders Cold War politicsCold War politics Natural disastersNatural disasters High population growthHigh population growth PovertyPoverty

Human Origins & Early HistoryHuman Origins & Early History

Earliest HominidEarliest Hominid• AustralopithicusAustralopithicus• 3.7 million years ago3.7 million years ago

Modern HumansModern Humans• 100,000 years ago100,000 years ago• Genetic ancestorsGenetic ancestors

Complex SocietiesComplex Societies• Nile ValleyNile Valley• Greater ZimbabweGreater Zimbabwe

Roman and Muslim Roman and Muslim InfluenceInfluence

Geopolitical Geopolitical Framework – Framework –

African African KingdomsKingdoms

Colonial PeriodColonial Period

1500’s Portugeuse 1500’s Portugeuse TradeTrade• Rest of Europe by Rest of Europe by

1600’s1600’s• Coastal CitiesCoastal Cities• Trade inTrade in

Gold Gold IvoryIvory SlavesSlaves

• TimbuktuTimbuktu

European Imprint European Imprint

Early European Early European contactcontact• Limited by endemic Limited by endemic

diseasesdiseases

Berlin Conference Berlin Conference (1884)(1884)

Pan-African Pan-African MovementMovement• Decolonization and Decolonization and

IndependenceIndependence

Figure 6.35

SlaverySlavery

As early as 1530; by 1700, 50,000 slaves yearlyAs early as 1530; by 1700, 50,000 slaves yearly Approximately 11 million in totalApproximately 11 million in total Mostly strong, young, males, leaving a weakened population Mostly strong, young, males, leaving a weakened population

behindbehind

Globalization and African CultureGlobalization and African Culture

European SettlementEuropean Settlement Began in Southern Began in Southern

AfricaAfrica• Dutch at Cape Town Dutch at Cape Town

16521652• BoersBoers• AfrikaansAfrikaans

British Settle in 1820British Settle in 1820• Banned slavery 1834Banned slavery 1834• Boers move north and Boers move north and

easteast• VeldVeld

ExplorationExploration Growing International Growing International

Interest – 1850Interest – 1850• Royal geographical societyRoyal geographical society• Search forSearch for

Source of the NileSource of the Nile ResourcesResources People to convertPeople to convert

• David LivingstoneDavid Livingstone• Mary KingsleyMary Kingsley• Henry StanleyHenry Stanley• Richard BurtonRichard Burton• John SpekeJohn Speke

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa

Desire for ResourcesDesire for Resources Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference

• Carved up AfricaCarved up Africa• 13 countries (non-13 countries (non-

African)African) BritishBritish FrenchFrench BelgiumBelgium PortugeusePortugeuse GermanGerman ItalianItalian SpanishSpanish

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa

Borders drawn Borders drawn with no regard with no regard for existing for existing cultural cultural boundariesboundaries

Split groups and Split groups and placed enemies placed enemies togethertogether

Colonial LegacyColonial Legacy Reoriented Reoriented

Economy to ExportsEconomy to Exports• Change in cropsChange in crops• Change in land Change in land

tenuretenure• Imposition of taxesImposition of taxes• European languagesEuropean languages• Infrastructure Infrastructure

geared for export, geared for export, internal linkages internal linkages weakweak

• Lasted 80 yearsLasted 80 years

IndependenceIndependence Fairly RapidFairly Rapid

• Ghana – 1957Ghana – 1957 11stst to gain to gain

independenceindependence

• Transitions peaceful Transitions peaceful and violentand violent

• France controlled France controlled currency and left currency and left troopstroops

• Dutch pulled out Dutch pulled out quicklyquickly

Chaotic transitionChaotic transition

• By mid-seventies By mid-seventies transition completetransition complete

South Africa & ApartheidSouth Africa & Apartheid

ApartheidApartheid• Separate developmentSeparate development• Pass lawsPass laws• Fundamental law – 1852Fundamental law – 1852• Segregationist policiesSegregationist policies• HomelandsHomelands• International sanctionsInternational sanctions

BoycottsBoycotts Trade embargoesTrade embargoes

• Ended in 1994Ended in 1994 Nelson Mandela - presidentNelson Mandela - president

Urban Legacies of ApartheidUrban Legacies of Apartheid

Racial Segregation in Cape Town

Elite CapeTown Landscape

Establishing Establishing South AfricaSouth Africa

- Homelands

- TownshipsApartheid

The Cold War & AfricaThe Cold War & Africa

Socialism as a Socialism as a BacklashBacklash

African SocialismAfrican Socialism• UjamaaUjamaa

Leftist LeadersLeftist Leaders• Military aid and Military aid and

training from Soviet training from Soviet spheresphere

• U.S. and allies back U.S. and allies back the other sidethe other side

Development, Debt & AidDevelopment, Debt & Aid

DevelopmentDevelopment• ModernizationModernization

RoadsRoads DamsDams HarborsHarbors

• Neo-ColonialismNeo-Colonialism• Development Development

theorytheory Import substitutionImport substitution

• Incurred debtIncurred debt $211 billion - 2000$211 billion - 2000

Structural Structural AdjustmentAdjustment• Cut budgetsCut budgets• Liberalize tradeLiberalize trade• Resulted inResulted in

UnemploymentUnemployment High food pricesHigh food prices

• Foreign aidForeign aid• Debt reliefDebt relief

Population & FertilityPopulation & Fertility

684 Million (Year 684 Million (Year 2000)2000)• 2.4% yearly growth2.4% yearly growth• Doubling time of 25 Doubling time of 25

yearsyears• 1.15 billion by 20251.15 billion by 2025• Population/Arable Population/Arable

LandLand• High fertility rateHigh fertility rate

Culture supports Culture supports high growth rateshigh growth rates

Education, wealth; Education, wealth; lower birth rateslower birth rates

Population and Settlement

Settlement Patterns – RuralSettlement Patterns – Rural

Subsistence Subsistence AgricultureAgriculture• Swidden Swidden

Plantation Plantation AgricultureAgriculture

PastoralismPastoralism• Tsetse FliesTsetse Flies

Figure 6.20

Cacao Plantation in Ivory Coast

Masai Pastoralists

Urban Settlement – Where?Urban Settlement – Where?

Rapidly growingRapidly growing• Refer back to Fig. 1.29Refer back to Fig. 1.29

Ancient CitiesAncient Cities

Colonial CitiesColonial Cities

Ethnic and Religious Ethnic and Religious InfluencesInfluences• Trade NetworksTrade Networks

Downtown Lagos, Nigeria

Demographic Demographic Indicators – Indicators –

FertilityFertility

HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa

What are some of the impacts of high HIV/AIDS infection ratesin southern Africa?

HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS Most Severely Most Severely

Affected RegionAffected Region• 28.5 m. infected 28.5 m. infected

(2001)(2001)• 70% of world total70% of world total• 14 m. died since 198114 m. died since 1981• 11 m. orphans11 m. orphans• More females than More females than

malesmales• South and east South and east

hardest hithardest hit• Poverty exacerbatesPoverty exacerbates

UrbanizationUrbanization Rapidly UrbanizingRapidly Urbanizing

• 1960 – 20% urban1960 – 20% urban• 2000 – 35% urban2000 – 35% urban

South Africa – 51%South Africa – 51% Uganda – 14%Uganda – 14%

• Still mostly ruralStill mostly rural• Better servicesBetter services• ““Urban Bias”Urban Bias”• ShantytownsShantytowns

Major Cities:Major Cities:• Lagos, NigeriaLagos, Nigeria

13 million13 million

• Johannesburg, South Johannesburg, South AfricaAfrica

3.2 million3.2 million

Sub-Saharan African DiasporaSub-Saharan African Diaspora

Out of AfricaOut of Africa• To EuropeTo Europe• Brain drainBrain drain

Within AfricaWithin Africa• Search for workSearch for work• Circular migrationsCircular migrations

RefugeesRefugees• 4.5 million4.5 million• 1/3 world total1/3 world total

Religion & LanguageReligion & Language

ReligionReligion• AnimisticAnimistic

Traditional beliefsTraditional beliefs

• ChristianityChristianity European missionariesEuropean missionaries

• IslamIslam North areas and east North areas and east

coastcoast

LanguagesLanguages• 800 living languages800 living languages

Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Swahili and ZuluSwahili and Zulu

• Lingua FrancaLingua Franca

Linguistic DiversityLinguistic Diversity

South African Road Sign

Religious Diversity Religious Diversity Islamic and Christian Landscapes

CultureCulture

Kinship TiesKinship Ties• ClansClans• Extended familiesExtended families

Land TenureLand Tenure• CommunalCommunal

MusicMusic• Worldwide influenceWorldwide influence

ArtArt• Influenced modern Influenced modern

artart

Politics & PeacePolitics & Peace

Strife RiddenStrife Ridden• Colonial boundariesColonial boundaries• Cold WarCold War

Rwanda and Rwanda and BurundiBurundi• Hutu and TutsiHutu and Tutsi

Liberia and Sierra Liberia and Sierra LeoneLeone• Continuing civil Continuing civil

warswars U.N. PeacekeepingU.N. Peacekeeping Regional Regional

OrganizationsOrganizations

Conflict and Conflict and Population Population MovementsMovements

Social & Economic EqualitySocial & Economic Equality

High Rates of PovertyHigh Rates of Poverty• Low life expectancyLow life expectancy• High infant mortalityHigh infant mortality• Literacy, education and income also lowLiteracy, education and income also low• Geographic variationGeographic variation

Land ReformLand Reform• Improve conditionsImprove conditions• Colonials own majority of arable landColonials own majority of arable land

Women & DevelopmentWomen & Development Feminization of Feminization of

PovertyPoverty• Disproportionately poorDisproportionately poor• Patriarchal societiesPatriarchal societies• Lack of land ownershipLack of land ownership• OverburdenedOverburdened

Responsible for food Responsible for food production, processing production, processing and cookingand cooking

Gathering water and Gathering water and fuelfuel

Child careChild care Household Household

maintenancemaintenance

Social Social DevelopmentDevelopment

Status of Women and Education

Development StrategiesDevelopment Strategies MicrofinanceMicrofinance

• Small loansSmall loans Indigenous TechnologyIndigenous Technology

• Local knowledgeLocal knowledge Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

• Increasing pressure on Increasing pressure on agricultural productionagricultural production

• Improve infrastructureImprove infrastructure• Urban agricultureUrban agriculture• Millennium development Millennium development

goals (MDGs)goals (MDGs)

African PovertyAfrican Poverty

Failed Development Failed Development PoliciesPolicies• DebtDebt• Structural Adjustment Structural Adjustment

ProgramsPrograms

Food PoliciesFood Policies

CorruptionCorruption

Uncompetitive Industry

Lack of Infrastructure

Regional DevelopmentRegional Development Southern AfricaSouthern Africa

• Southern African Southern African development community development community (SADC)(SADC)

• South AfricaSouth Africa Manufacturing centerManufacturing center 1/3 of Africa’s production1/3 of Africa’s production Mineral wealthMineral wealth Diamond minesDiamond mines JohannesburgJohannesburg SowetoSoweto Growth in service sectorGrowth in service sector

• ZimbabweZimbabwe Declining economyDeclining economy Land tenure issuesLand tenure issues

Sub-Saharan Africa and the Global Economy

- Aid vs. Investment

Economic DifferentiationEconomic Differentiation

Used Clothing Trade

Mobile Phones in Abidjan, Ivory Coast

Regional Regional DevelopmentDevelopment

Western AfricaWestern Africa• Dense populationsDense populations• NigeriaNigeria

Oil wealthOil wealth Civil unrestCivil unrest

• GhanaGhana Politically stablePolitically stable Educated workforceEducated workforce

End of Chapter 5:End of Chapter 5:

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa

World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)

Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman