Chapter 4_Designing the Research Method

7/28/2019 Chapter 4_Designing the Research Method

1/37

Designing the ResearchMethod

Chapter 4


2/37

Research Design

Research design appears to be a schema which maps out the sources the type of data to be collected, how the data will be collected, and th

methods that will be used to analyse the data.


3/37

Types of Research Design

Descriptive Researchis conducted to illustrate and determine pattecharacteristics of variables in particular instances or events.

- In the statement of specific objectives some of the more approprverbs to use describe, analyse, explain, define, and illustrate.


4/37

Exploratory Researchundertaken to gather initial data on patterns orcharacteristics of variables in a situation where studies have not been done minimal data are available to establish significant patters or relationships of

variables covering a wider scope.

- Hypothesis is not usually present because one of the purposes of an expstudy is to recommend possible hypothesis which can be tested in similar futu

studies.

- Appropriate verbs to use are explore, find out, know, examine, and inve



5/37

Causal/Exploratory Researchcarried out to ascertain that the occuof, or change in, the independent variables leads to changes in the de

variables.

- Appropriate verbs are analyse, determine, explain, and identity.



6/37

Correlational Researchperformed in order to establish the fact thaoutcome of certain patterns of relationships occur together in somespecified manner without an implication that one variable causes the variable change.

- The relationship is also clearly stated such as positive or negativecorrelation.

- Appropriate verbs to use are correlate or interrelate.



7/37

Comparative Researchimplemented to confirm if two or more varwill reveal similar or different patterns of characteristics when comp

using a set of variables as standard bases.- Appropriate verbs/phrases to use are compare, determine similari

out differences, and contrast.



8/37

Evaluative Researchconducted to assess performance outcome or of a set of variables on another set of variables.

- Considers an adequate time span to pinpoint the effects accuratelycan also be a longitudinal study.

- Appropriate verbs are evaluate, assess, appraise, measure, and quan



9/37

Experimental Researchundertaken to determine the possible causeffect relationship by having experimental and control groups. It is done in a simulated environment.

- The experimental group, which maybe done or more, is exposed t

treatment conditions or manipulations, while the control group, which be one or more, does not receive the treatment and is used to compare results.

- Appropriate phrases are determine the effects, examine the differecompare the results, and analyse the influence.



10/37

Action Researchdone to develop or recommend new approaches, strategies, or skills to solve problems in an actual organizational settinFeasibility studies, corporate strategy papers, industry studies, and po

oriented researches are predominantly action research in their design

- Appropriate verbs are develop, propose, suggest, recommend, detalternative approaches, identify solutions, and formulate policies.



11/37

Sampling

It is the process of choosing adequate and representative elements frpopulation.

By using sampling, the researcher/s is/are able to save in terms of ti

effort and cost. Moreover, sampling makes the scope of the studymanageable due to the smaller number of respondents to be coveredincreases the likelihood of obtaining more reliable and accurate resulless error in gathering data.


12/37

The samples must meet the criteria of adequacy and representativeness.

Adequacy refers to the sample size (n)

Representativeness pertains to the possession of the characteristics of the sspecified characteristics of the population

The adequate number of elements to be taken as samples is based on the dconfidence level (alpha : )

Most commonly used confidence levels in thesis and dissertation are 0.01%and 0.10%.

The higher the confidence level desired, the bigger the sample size should b

Sampling


13/37

Sampling formula used for a finite formula is:

n =NZ2 p (1-p)/NE2 + Z2 /2 p (1-p)

Where:

1. at 95% confidence level Z /2 = 1.96

at 90% confidence level Z /2 = 1.65at 99% confidence level Z /2 = 2.58

2. assume proportion p = 0.5

3. Sampling error E normally assumes the values: 0.025, 0.05. 0.01

Sampling


14/37

Sampling Process

Define the population from which the sample is to be drawn.

Specify the population framework from which the sample will be tak

Choose the sampling method of selecting samples.

Determine the sample size requirement for the study.

Select the actual samples.


15/37

Sampling Designs

Sampling designs are classified into probability and non-probability s

Probability sampling gives each element of the population known an

chance to be included as a sample while non-probability does not prothis predetermined chance

Probability is used when inferences about the population are required


16/37

Probability Sampling

Random Samplingaffords each element in the population an equal

known chance of being chosen as a respondent. It can be done usinglottery.


17/37

Systematic Samplingallows the elements of the population to be sas a respondent through the use of a constant number (k) derived fro

dividing the total population (N) with the computed sample size. Theformula is k = N/n.



18/37

Stratified Samplinghelps in the selection of respondents when the

already identifiable subgroups or strata of elements within the populwhich are of interest to the researcher.



19/37

Cluster Samplinginvolves the grouping or division of the elements

population into heterogeneous groups.



20/37

Area Samplingpertains to the grouping of the population into

geographical location or territory before selecting the respondents.



21/37

Double Samplingmeans getting a smaller sample from the initial la

sample. This is sometimes called sample within a sample. Used to gedepth and focused data on the topic being investigated.



22/37

Multi-Stage Samplingis a cluster sampling done in several stages. Tusually done for nationwide surveys, where each region, province, cit

municipality, and barangay must be subdivided and selected, before trespondents are chosen.



23/37

Non Probability Sampling

Judgement Samplinginvolves the selection of the respondents who

considered to be in the best position or most knowledgeable to give needed information.


24/37

Convenience Samplingallows the researcher to gather data from

respondents who are conveniently available to provide the informationeeded. This can be used to get quick information.



25/37

Accidental Samplingimplies that information are collected from

respondents who, by chance or circumstance, are met by the researchprocess of gathering the data.



26/37

Snowball Samplingis choosing initial samples. These samples will t

offer other respondents from whom the same information may be o



27/37

Purposive Samplinginvolves the selection of key informants based

predetermined set of criteria or standards. These are people considerthe most appropriate source of data based on the objective of the st



28/37

Methods of Data Collection

Primary Data Collectioninvolves the gathering of data directly frorespondents through the use of different techniques.

Usual technique is survey (personal, telephone interviews, self-administeredquestionnaire, mailed questionnaire, and e-mail/internet)


29/37

Guides in Constructing Questionnai

Content Criteria

Purpose

Language

Type of questions fixed alternative (structured)question provided an array of response categories

which the respondent will choose or base his/her response(s)

open-ended (unstructured)gives the respondent the opportunity to respond to question in the manner he/she prefers.


30/37

Content Criteria

Ordershould be presented from general to specific, easy to difficult, simplecomplex, or less serious to more serious conditions.

Measurementusual tool used is Liker Scale Validitypertains to the ability of the questionnaire to accurately measure what i

measure.

Reliabilitypertains to the level of consistency that a measurement possesses.



31/37

Other Features

Introductionit is imperative to write an introductory part especially for self-admquestionnaire. It should state the purpose, significance, and reason for choosing threspondent, assurance of the confidentiality of the data given, and thanking the refor his/her cooperation.

Appearanceshould be neat, look organized, properly typed, devoid of typograperrors, and adequately spaced.

Lengthshorter questions are preferred than lengthy ones. Items should be in simsentences too.

Personal Dataask for age, civil status, gender, educational attainment, occupatioincome.



32/37

Observationdone by looking systematically at behavioural and nobehavioural phenomena with the use of ones senses and/or with the

a mechanical device, like a camera, one way mirror, and recordinginstrument,

Can be participant or non-participant observation.

Triangulationthis is used when respondents withhold or give limited informthey distrust, or do not want to cooperate. This process means that a combinadifferent procedures from the same group.

Methods of Data Collection


33/37

Other Methods of Data Collection

Delphi Methoda qualitative process of acquiring information on iwhich involves forecasting or projecting trends or outcomes. Entails

choosing a panel of key informants, who are considered experts on tunder study, to be respondents.


34/37

Projective Methodis the use of standardized psychological test, suinkblots, sentence completion, and thematic apperception (TAT), to

deeper into the mind, behaviour, and attitudes of respondents. Can be useful in consumer preferences and workers motivation studi



35/37

Unobstrusive Methodis the availment of other sources of data asi

individuals. For instance, the time record of employees can be a goodof the number of absences and tardiness of employees.



36/37

Secondary Data Collection

Acquiring data from second hand sources like statistical publicationsreports, financial statements, annual reports, brochures, catalogues, andocuments/reports.

Can be generated from government agencies, private corporations, aorganizations, labor organizations, universities, and commercial inforservices groups.


37/37

Method of Data Analysis

Data Analysisinvolves the application of the appropriate statisticalgenerate results which can be interpreted meaningfully to answer theproblem posed at the beginning of the investigation.

The choice of appropriate tool depends on the type and level of dathypotheses statement, sampling design, and the requirements/assumof the statistical tiils

Documents

Chapter 4_Designing the Research Method