Chapter 40 Notes Introduction to Animal Structure and
Function
Slide 2
Concept 40.1 Anatomy: the study of the structure of an organism
Physiology: study of the functions an organism performs Structure
and function are interrelated
Slide 3
Concept 40.1 Physical laws constrain animal form - ex. an
amoeba the size of a human could not move material across its
membrane fast enough - ex. the laws of hydrodynamics constrain the
shapes that are possible for aquatic animals to swim fast
Slide 4
Concept 40.1
Slide 5
Concept 40.2 In most animals, combinations of various tissues
make up organs, and groups of organs that work together form organ
systems. Tissues: groups of cells with a common structure and
function - epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
Slide 6
Concept 40.2 Epithelial tissue: - covers the outside of the
body and lines the organs within the body - cells are held together
by tight junctions - epithelial cells are classified by the number
of cell layers and the shape of the cells
Slide 7
Concept 40.2
Slide 8
Slide 9
Connective tissue: - functions to bind and support other
tissues - connective tissue fibers are composed of proteins - ex.
loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, fibrous connective tissue,
cartilage, bone, and blood
Slide 10
Concept 40.2
Slide 11
Slide 12
Nervous tissue: - senses stimuli and transmits signals from one
part of the animal to another - nerve cells, or neurons, are
specialized to transmit signals
Slide 13
Concept 40.2
Slide 14
Muscle tissue: - composed of long cells called muscle fibers
that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses -
skeletal (striated) muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
Slide 15
Concept 40.2
Slide 16
Slide 17
Concept 40.5 Many animals tend to maintain relatively constant
conditions in their internal environment, even when their external
environment changes - ex. body temp = 37 o C; pH = 7.4 Animals
maintain homeostasis, or internal balance within their systems
Slide 18
Concept 40.5 Homeostatic control systems have three functional
components - the receptor detects a change - the control center
processes information - the effector directs the appropriate
response
Slide 19
Concept 40.5 Negative feedback: a change in the variable being
monitored triggers the control mechanism to counteract further
change - ex. control of the temperature of a room - ex. control of
body temp.
Slide 20
Concept 40.5
Slide 21
Slide 22
Positive feedback: a change in some variable that triggers
mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse change Regulated
change: some are cyclical such as in hormone levels in women while
others are reactions to challenges of the body (like
infections).