Chapter 4: The Growing Power of Western Europe

AP European History2012-2013

Chapter 4, Section 17 – “The Grand Monarque and the Balance of Power”

Be sure to know the significance of the following people:

Louis XIV

William of Orange

Charles II

Be sure to know the significance of the following terms:

Universal monarchy

balance of power

How does the story of Charles II of Spain reveal some of the problems of a monarchial system?

Chapter 4, Section 18 – “The Dutch Republic”

Be sure to know the significance of the following people: William the Silent

Hugo Grotius

Baruch Spinoza

Rembrandt

Vermeer

Hals

Leeuwenhoek

Be sure to know the significance of the following terms:

House of Orange

United Provinces

Bank of Amsterdam

The Netherlands (1609)

Dutch West India

Company, 1621

Dutch East India Company, 1602

Astronomical Pioneer:Christiaan Huygens

R Explanation of Saturn’s rings.

R Wave theory of light.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek:

The Microscope & the Discovery of Micro-

Organisms

The Dutch Federation REGENTS- provincial level- held virtually all the power- strong advocates of local independence

STADHOLDER- States General representative from each province- responsible for defense and order

STATES GENERAL- federal assembly- foreign affairs (war)- all issues had to be referred to the local Estates

Examine Vermeer’s The Geographer from page 153 in your textbook. How does this show the Dutch as a world power? What attitudes are demonstrated?

The GeographerJan Vermeer, 1668-1669

Is religious toleration a necessary condition for cultural efflorescence? Why/why not?

Chapter 4, Section 19 – “Britain: The Civil War”

The Stuart Monarchy

The Coat of Arms & the Flag of the Commonwealth

Pride’s Purge, 1648

† Cromwell purges the House of Commons of moderates [anyone who isn’t anti-monarchy].

† The results is the “Rump” Parliament.

Regicide Beheading of Charles I, 1649

Cromwell Dissolves the “Rump” Parliament in 1653

Cromwell—Lord Protector or King??

† England longs for an end to martial law!† Cromwell dies in 1658 and his son, Richard,

takes over, but is weak and lasts for only two years.

Why are civil wars, it seems, so common in the forging of the modern nation-states?

Read “The Powers of the Monarch in England” by James I (Western Civilization page 49). How does James justify the vast

powers he feels he should rightly have as king?

Read “The Powers of Parliament in England” by the House of Commons (Western Civilization page 50). What are the powers which the House of

Commons and the king disagree on? What claims do both sides use to justify their claims?

Chapter 4, Section 20 – “Britain: the Triumph of Parliament”

Be sure to know the significance of the following people:

Charles II:

James II:

William III:

Be sure to know the significance of the following terms:• Test Act: required all office holders to be members of the Church of

England

• Declaration of Indulgence: issued by Charles II to provide religious freedom to Dissenters

• Dissenters: refused to accept the Church of England

• Battle of the Boyne: scene of the defeat of James II forces

• Bill of Rights: set conditions for coexistence between king and parliament

• Toleration Act: allowed religious freedom to dissenters

• Act of Settlement: excluded Catholics from the throne

Be sure to know the significance of the following terms:• Act of Union: created the United Kingdom between England and Scotland

• Bank of England: 1694 – provided funding to William III to wage war on

France

• Irish penal code: code of laws restricting many rights of Irish Catholics

• “Squirearchy”: political power stemming from the class of landed aristocrats

• “gentlemen”: men of strong families or higher class, who ruled Britain through their representation in the parliament

• Glorious Revolution: name given to the settlement of 1688-1689

How did the Restoration solve – and not solve – the religious and political conflicts?a. Under Charles II: generally placid, aristocrats paid taxes for political power

b. Religious conflict: continued, Anglican dissenters banned from positions of power

c. Charles II and Louis XIV: Charles a supporter of Louis, worked together to wage war on Dutch, Charles appeared to support Catholicism (which was seen as a threat)

d. Upon Charles II’s death: James became king (a Catholic); Whigs (opposed Stuart line) and Tories (supported Stuart line); both parties lost interest in James II and offered the crown to his daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange (III)

e. William III’s interests: to promote Dutch interests and weaken France; William III supported by English population which wanted to prevent restoration of royal absolutism

English Bill of Rights [1689]a It settled all of the

major issues between King & Parliament.

a It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights.

a It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.

How did the Restoration solve – and not solve – the religious and political conflicts?f. Bill of Rights: 1689; struck balance between king & parliament; eliminated royal absolutist powers

g. Act of Settlement: excluded Catholics from the throne; descendants of James II became known as “Pretenders”

h. United Kingdom: created by Act of Union; united England and Scotland; meant to prevent Scottish support of Stuart line (Scottish family)

i. Ireland: increased persecution against Irish Catholics

j. Bank of England: 1694; means of lending William III money to pay for war against French; wealthy were willing to make loans in exchange for power

k. Glorious Revolution: name given to the settlement of 1688-1689; established civil rights, parliamentary power over monarchy, and rule of law in England

% Of Land Owned by Catholics in Ireland

[in green]

The Seesaw of King & Parliament:

1603-1689

Read “Leviathan: Political Order and Political Theory” by Thomas Hobbes (Western

Civilization pages 53-55). Why do men form commonwealths and give power to the

sovereign? How does Hobbes’ argument compare with that of James I? Why might

the House of Commons and monarch criticize Hobbes’ argument?

Chapter 4, Section 21 – “The France of Louis XIV 1643-1715: The Triumph of Absolutism”

Be sure to know the significance of the following people: Louis XIV:

Poussin: artist

Lorrain: artist

Corneille: author

Racine: author

Moliere: authorLa Fontaine: author

Descartes: mathematician; scientific thinker

Pascal: scientist

Bayle: “father of modern skeptics”

Colbert: Louis XIV’s financial adviser

Mazarin: Cardinal who governed in the name of Louis XIV when he was still a child

These authors, artists, and scientists represented the standard in Europe, and their cultural contributions were copied throughout Europe.

Be sure to know the significance of the following terms:

Salons: meeting grounds for artists, authors, and philosophers in Paris

Classicism: theory that emphasized order, harmony, and antiquity in the arts

Fronde: 1648 rebellion against the monarchy led by parlements and nobility

Parlements: courts in France

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: ending religious toleration for 100 years

What distinguished France in the seventeenth century?

a. Population: 19 million; large population included variety of living conditions and social classes

b. Arts and sciences: widely copied throughout Europe (art, literature, science, philosophy)

How absolute was French absolutism? Why did the French people accept it?a. Localism: in economics/political life; limited absolutism – king was dependent on advisers and had to compromise with local interests and traditions

b. The Fronde: rebellion in 1648 against monarchy; led to widespread support of a strong monarchy by general population

c. Louis XIV in 1661: at 23 years old decides to rule on his own without advisers or nobility; advanced the authority of the state and took powers for himself (which generally were successful domestically but unsuccessful militarily)

d. Bishop Bossuet: main defender of king’s power monopoly; argued “divine right of kings”

How did Louis XIV achieve his goals of centralization of political power?a. Transforming the army: removed private control; enlarged and organized it, and created a chain of command

b. Versailles: built outside Paris; set standard for all monarchs; elaborate daily rituals – nobles wanted to be there, and he could keep an eye of them

c. Louis’s bureaucratic appointments: avoided hereditary nobles; chose those with common backgrounds, ennobled by the king and positioned throughout France as liaisons to the king (answered only to the king)

d. Mercantilist practices: through his adviser, Colbert; sought self-sufficiency

e. Finances: preoccupation of king; nobles not taxed; burden on commoners; Louis sold titles of nobility and offices to raise money for war

f. Colbert’s policies: reduced internal tariffs; national commercial code; built roads/canals; subsidies to industry; granted monopolies

g. Edict of Nantes: revoked in 1685; Louis sought religious uniformity; dissenters persecuted, and many French Protestants emigrated

Louis XIII’s Old Chateau

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Chapter 4, Section 22 – “The Wars of Louis XIV: The Peace of Utrecht, 1713”

Be sure to know the significance of the following people:

Leopold I: Holy Roman Emperor during the reign of Louis XIV

Be sure to know the significance of the following terms:The Dutch War: 1672 French attack on the United Provinces

League of Augsburg: alliance formed against Louis XIV

Franche-Comte: region in Eastern France captured by Louis XIV

Alsace and Lorraine: region in Eastern France captured by Louis XIV

Elector of Brandenburg: ally with Louis XIV against HRE

Grand Coalition: alliance against France in the War of Spanish Succession

Peace of Utrecht: treaty ending the War of Spanish Succession

Alsace

Franche-Comte

What were Louis XIV’s goals in the Dutch War, and to what degree were they thwarted by the European powers?

a. Weakening the Dutch: attacking the Dutch as well as the Habsburgs in Spain and Austria; as well as the Spanish Netherlands

b. Movement against Strasbourg: take advantage of Leopold I already battling Turks and Hungarians; turned away by the League of Augsburg (balance of power)

What were Louis XIV’s goals in the War of Spanish Succession, and to what degree were they thwarted by the other European powers?a. The crown of Spain: Charles II died in 1700; no successor; Louis wanted to appoint grandson; Leopold I also had argument for throne

b. Grand Coalition: or Grand Alliance; organized by William III; all involved for their own political/economic reasons, but all opposed France

c. Peace at Utrecht: 1713; partitioning the Spanish empire; Louis’s grandson becomes king, but agreement reached that no one person could rule Spain and France

d. Effects on France and Dutch: both weakened by war; Dutch would no longer play a major role in European affairs; French face depopulation and poverty

What were Louis XIV’s goals in the War of Spanish Succession, and to what degree were they thwarted by the other European powers?e. Savoy and Brandenburg: significantly increased their territory and influence in Europe

f. England at end of war: biggest winner; increased influence in New World and Mediterranean; asiento; political dominance of landed aristocrats and merchants (in the House of Commons)

g. Characteristics of war: first major war fought by professional soldiers (conscripted armies – drafted); little civilian damage; religion played no role; political and economic factors; “world war”

h. Utrecht v. Westphalia: Utrecht continued practice of a congress of all belligerents (European members that fought) to make peace