Chapter 4:Rodent

Behavioral Learning Memory Models

From Mechanisms of Memory, second editionBy J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.

Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron

Blue Box 1

Of Mice and Rats

Figure 1

Open Field Apparatus

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cm)

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Figure 2

C

Open Field Behavior

Figure 3

Elevated Plus Maze

Figure 4

Roto Rod

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ec)

Figure 5

Rotating Rod Behavior

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% I

nhib

itio

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Figure 6

Acoustic Startle and Prepulse Inhibition

Hot Plate Test

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+/+ n=26-/- n=20

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aw L

ick

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Shock Threshold

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Flinching Jumping Vocalizing

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mA

)

Figure 7

Nociception Behavior

Figure 8

Visual Cliff

Figure 9

Fear Conditioning Chamber

TRAININGCONTEXTUAL

TESTCUED TEST

Cue-plus-contextual Fear ConditioningA.

TRAINING CONTEXTUALTEST

Context Alone ConditioningB.

Context DiscriminationTrain Test

Context 1 Context 2Context 1

C.

Figure 10

Variants of Fear Conditioning in Rodents

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ezin

g (%

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Figure 11

Cued Contextual

Training

Cued-Plus-Contextual Fear Conditioning

Figure 12

Contextual Fear Conditioning in Rats

Figure 13

Step-Through Passive Avoidance

Step-DownPassive Avoidance

Train

Test: measure time to step through

Train

Test: measure time to step down

Passive Avoidance Paradigms

Shuttle BoxActive Avoidance

TrainTest: Can the animal avoid the shock?

Figure 13, continued

Active Avoidance

Figure 14

Passive Avoidance Data

Figure 15

Bar Press Operant and/ or Conditioned Place Preference

Corneal Air PuffElicits Eyeblink

ResponseCorneal Air PuffGiven with Tone

Tone Given AloneElicits Eyeblink Response

Figure 16

Eyeblink Conditioning in Rabbits

Start

Finish

Lashley Maze 4 Arm Radial (Plus) Maze

“Y” Maze“T” MazeTriangle Maze

8 Arm Radial Maze

Types of Mazes

Figure 17

The Morris Water Maze

CameraDistal Visual Cues

Platform

Figure 18

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Opposite

Right Trained

Left

Probe Test

A

B

D

COpposite

Right Trained

Left

Figure 19

Morris Water Maze – Experimental Results

Vehicle

Subject #66Path Length = 1154.2 cm

A

Subject #57Path Length = 1278.2 cm

30 mg/kg SL327

B

Path Tracking in the Probe Test

Figure 20

Spatial Cues

Escape Chamber

Search strategy A

Search strategy B

The Barnes Maze

Figure 21

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LiCl NaCl

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Conditioned Taste Aversion

DAY 1

DAY 2

1st Exposure to Food Item

2nd Exposure to Food Item

Injection of LiCl or NaCl

Grams Ingested on 2nd Exposure(LiCl treated group compared to NaCl treated

control)

A B

Figure 22

Neophobia

Figure 23

DAY 1 DAY 2

1st Exposure to Food Item

A

2nd Exposure to Food Item

Grams Ingested(1st exposure compared to second exposure)

B

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1st intake 2nd intake

gram

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rry

bar

Figure 24

Novel Object Recognition

Figure 25

Memory Reconsolidation

Four Types of Experiments

Hypothesis: A→B→C

Experiment Prediction

• Determine • None (A makes C happen)

• Block • Blocking B should block A causing C

• Mimic • Activating B should cause C

• Measure • A makes B happen

Figure 26

The Four Basic Types of Experiments

Test Name Measurement Index Of:Open Field Analysis Distance Moved Over Time ActivityElevated Plus Maze Time Spent in Open Arms AnxietyRotating-rod Time to Fall Off Coordination and Motor Learning Acoustic Startle Force of Jump HearingPre-pulse Inhibition Suppression of Startle Sensorimotor GatingHot Plate Time to Lick Paw Nociception Hargreave’s Apparatus Time to Lift Paw NociceptionLight-Dark Exploration Time in Lit Chamber Vision Visual Cliff Suppression of Movement VisionFear Conditioning: Cued Freezing or Startle Auditory Associative Learning Fear Conditioning: Contextual Freezing or Startle Spatial Associative LearningPassive Avoidance Time Spent in Lit Chamber Spatial Associative LearningActive Avoidance Time Spent in Cued Chamber Operant ConditioningLever Press Number of Bar Presses Operant ConditioningConditioned Place Preference Time Spent in One Chamber Operant ConditioningEye-blink Conditioning Blink in Response to Cue Associative ConditioningSimple Maze Learning Errors or Time to Completion Spatial Learning, Working MemoryMorris Water Maze Quadrant Time, Platform Crossings Spatial MemoryBarnes Maze Errors Spatial MemoryConditioned Taste Aversion Food or Taste Avoidance Taste LearningNovel Taste Learning Attenuation of Neophobia Taste LearningNovel Object Recognition Time Spent with Object Recognition Memory

Behavioral TestsCommonly Used in Rodents