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Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Chapter 4Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Mendelian Inheritance in HumansPigmentation Gene and Albinism
Fig. 3.14
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
TwoGenes
Fig. 3.15
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
The Inheritance of Human Traits
Difficulties• Long generation time• Data must be obtained from
offspring produced• Experimental matings are not
possible• Limited sample size
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Pedigree Analysis
• Pedigree is an orderly presentationof family information
• First step in studying the inheritanceof traits
• Important in predicting genetic risk• May be incomplete due to difficulties
collecting information
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Pedigree Analysis
• Construct pedigree using availableinformation
• Rule out all patterns of inheritancethat are inconsistent with the data
• May not have enough information toidentify the mode of inheritance
• Some genetic disorders may havemore than one pattern of inheritance
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Catalogs of Genetic Traits
Figure 4.4
Fig. 4.4
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Autosomal Recessive Traits
• For rare traits most affected individualshave unaffected parents
• Offspring of two affected individualsare affected
• Expressed in males and females equally• In rare traits unaffected parents with
affected offspring may be related to eachother
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
PedigreeSymbols
Fig. 3.16
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Proband
• First affected familymember who seeksmedical attention for agenetic disorder
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Autosomal recessive
Fig. 4.5
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
1 2
1
2 3 5
32 II
I
III
Rare recessive trait
1 2aa
aa aa
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
1 2
1
2 3 5
32 II
I
III
Rare recessive trait
aa
Aa
1 2
Aa
aa aa
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
1 2
1
2 3 5
32 II
I
III
Rare recessive trait
aa
AaAa
1 2
Aa
aa aa
AA? Aa? Aa?
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Cystic Fibrosis Is an Example of anAutosomal Recessive Trait
• Disabling and fataldisorder
• Affects sweatglands and glandsthat producemucus anddigestive enzymes
Fig. 4.6
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Molecular Basis for Cystic Fibrosis
• Gene located onchromosome 7
• Cloned in 1989• (Tsui & Collins)
Fig. 4.8
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Cystic Fibrosis TransmembraneConductance Regulator (CFTR)
• CFTR regulatesflow of chlorideions across theplasmamembrane
• Reduces fluid inglandularsecretions Fig. 4.9
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Sickle Cell Anemia Is anAutosomal Recessive Trait
• Hemoglobin is an oxygen transportmolecule in red blood cells (RBC)
• Sickle cell hemoglobin is abnormal andcauses RBCs to become crescent or sickleshaped
• RBCs are fragile• It is difficult to maintain normal oxygen
carrying capacity
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Sickle Cell Anemia
• Many systems are affected• Lethal as homozygous recessive• Heterozygotes generally unaffected• Confers resistance to malaria parasite• High frequency in populations where
malaria is found
Fig. 4.11
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Sickle-cell Syndrome
•Hbα gene•Hbβ gene•Wild-type Hbβ = A allele•Sickle-cell allele Hbβ = S allele
α
β α
β
Wild type α αAA
αΑ α
Α
α αSSAffected
ααS
S
α αAS
Three kindsof hemoglobins
Carrier
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Carrier (ααAS)
Polypeptides: α, A and S
ΑS
Αα
αα
α
αα
Α
SS
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Normal Carrier Affected Dominance
Hb production AA AS SS Codominant
RBC shape Normal Normal Sickle A -dominantS - recessive
Malaria resistance Normal Resistant Resistant S - dominantA - recessive
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Autosomal Dominant Traits
• Heterozygotes and homozygousdominant individuals are affected
• Affected offspring have at least oneaffected parent
• Equal number of males and females
Chapter 4 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Autosomal Dominant
Fig. 4.12