Chapter 4 Opener Gender is a set of expectations about men and women that are sometimes violated

Figure 4.1 Human chromosomes

Figure 4.2 Development of the male and female reproductive tracts

Figure 4.2 Development of the male and female reproductive tracts

Figure 4.3 Development of the male and female external genitalia

Figure 4.3 Development of the male and female external genitalia (Part 1)

Figure 4.3 Development of the male and female external genitalia (Part 2)

Figure 4.3 Development of the male and female external genitalia (Part 3)

Figure 4.4 Descent of the testicles

Figure 4.4 Descent of the testicles

Figure 4.4 Descent of the testicles (Part 1)

Figure 4.4 Descent of the testicles (Part 2)

Figure 4.5 Turner syndrome

Figure 4.6 Partial masculinization of genitalia in a girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Box 4.1 Personal Points of View: My Life With Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Figure 4.7 Mental rotation task

Figure 4.8A Test of object location memory

Figure 4.8B Test of object location memory

Photo, p. 106 Wanton violence is predominantly a male activity

Figure 4.9 Gender constancy

Figure 4.10 Toy preference test

Photos, p. 109 Division of labor during human evolution may have fostered genes for different cognitive skills in the two sexes

Figure 4.11 Monkeys show humanlike toy preferences

Figure 4.12 Hormones and play

Figure 4.13 Finger-length ratio and gender

Box 4.2 Biology of Sex: “Eggs at Twelve”

Figure 4.14 Babies enter a gendered world

Figure 4.15 Influence of siblings on gender

Figure 4.16 The media influence gender

Box 4.3 Personal Points of View: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl

Figure 4.17 Influence of gender stereotypes on children’s memories

Figure 4.18 Social influences work in contradictory ways

Box 4.4 Cultural Diversity: Transgenders in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Figure 4.19 Chastity Bono transitioned to Chaz Bono in 2009

Figure 4.20 The vulva after sex-reassignment surgery

Figure 4.21 Transformation of the clitoris into a small penis

Box 4.5 Controversies: How Should We Treat Gender-Dysphoric Children?

Figure 4.22 Kate Bornstein, a trans woman

Figure 4.23 Transgender teen Gwen Araujo (A), and three of the men who beat her to death