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Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

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Page 1: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Chapter 4: Languages

Communication,

Aspects of

Cultures

Page 2: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

What do you call someone who

• Speaks Two languages?

• Speaks three languages?

• Speaks four or more languages?

• Speaks one language?

Page 3: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Linguistic boundaries• Languages are definite separators of cultures.

– If you cannot communicate, you cannot understand.

Gallic Shrug Translations:

• It’s not my fault• I don’t know• I doubt it can

be done• I don’t really

agree

Source: Gesture 6: « Alors là / Bof »http://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa020901g.htmDifferent Image: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3440/3889275125_5276695abf.jpg

Page 4: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language

• Common oral communication of a group ...– Transmits

• Ideas• Beliefs• Histories• Codes, laws, rules• Stories• Agreements• Formal religions

Page 5: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Linguistic Families in

Africa• Linguistic

Families are often regionally separate.

• These families bisect countries.

– http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~anthro/courses/306/language.GIF– Text: http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~anthro/courses/306/resources.html

Page 6: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language and Acculturation• Acculturation often involves development or adoption of

new linguistic norms.• Examples:

– Immigrants ‘fitting in’ by learning a new language– German aggregation of various languages and dialects

• (Figure, next page)– French focus on 'pure French'

• No 'Franglais', no borrow words• State committee on language to 'make it so.'• Suppression of variations, dialects

Page 7: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Where is this?What countries are affected?

• http://www.serve.com/shea/germusa/dialkart.jpg• Text: http://www.serve.com/shea/germusa/dialects.htm

Page 8: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language barriers: further separation of cultures

• Strongly differentiate 'us' from 'them.'• Provide barriers to communication.• Help maintain old suspicions and hatreds.• 'Ours' is better.

– Francophiles vs. Anglophiles• Help sustain cultural conflicts.

– There was usually an original trigger, and other acts that followed.

– Lack of communication effectively keeps groups apart.• Bilingual and monolingual efforts (local events)

– Arizona– California

Page 9: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Caucasus Mountain Language Groups

Image: http://www.unc.edu/~tgillan/chechenlanguate.jpgContext: http://www.unc.edu/~tgillan/language_map.html

Page 10: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Languages make it harder to keep countries together...

• Multi-lingual countries require extra effort to keep them together.

• This is particularly true of colonial countries, whose boundaries were arbitrarily drawn, not following linguistic or other cultural patterns.

Page 11: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Kenya: one country,

multiple languages

http://www.simbaeastafricansafari.com/Language%20Map%20Kenya.jpg

Page 12: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Accommodation: Switzerland,The oldest federation

Take-home message: It is not impossible to keep together. Our longest standing federal republic is multilingual.

http://www.genealogienetz.de/reg/CH/chspra.jpg, Context: http://www.genealogienetz.de/reg/CH/history.html

Page 13: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language barriers

-------------within a country

(Cultural split reinforced by

language barriers.)

Source: http://www.ned.univie.ac.at/Publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/en/belgie.gifContext: http://www.ned.univie.ac.at/Publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/en/belgienkarte.htm

Page 14: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language boundaries often formed at physical barriers, then cultures reinforce them)

• Romans found violent Celts (Scots) in hilly undesirable land .– The land was not worth the battles.– Romans built a wall along mountain ridge lines to

keep them out... – Scots survived in isolation as dialects.– The boundary between Scotland and England was

set between these walls, along other physical boundaries.

http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/printpage/printpage.php?l=/webimage/countrys/europe/lgcolor/ukscolor.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hadrians_Wall_map.png/220px-Hadrians_Wall_map.png

Page 15: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language boundaries often formed at physical barriers, then cultures reinforce them. (2)

• Normans found Scots to be difficult;– They built forts at the border to keep

them at bay...

• Normans built castles on the borders– This isolated the Welsh in their

highlands.– Welsh culture and language survive.

http://www.castlewales.com/wales_m.htmlhttp://www.castlewales.com/maps.html

Page 16: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Languages and

Boundaries

Context: http://linguarium.iling-ran.ru/maps.shtmlSource: http://linguarium.iling-ran.ru/maps/istria2-150.gif

Page 17: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Remnants of cultural dominance...

• The winners write the history, in their language.– The surviving losers often learn that language.

• After a collapse, regions become isolated.– Isolation allows linguistic variability.– Some regions return to their native tongues.

• Isolated languages then change over time.

Source: http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/map.euro.ie.GIFOther links, etc: http://www.ling.su.se/staff/ljuba/maps.html

Page 18: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Romance Dialects: Cultures and Countries

• http://home.wanadoo.nl/arjenbolhuis/language-family-trees/63.gif• http://home.wanadoo.nl/arjenbolhuis/language-family-trees/

Page 19: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Languages vs. DialectsLanguage:

1. A system of communication through speech. 2. A collection of sounds that a group understands to have

the same meaning.Dialect: A regional variation of a language distinguished by

distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.• When no longer understood, the dialect becomes a

language. This would require isolation over time.

http://robertspage.com/diausa.gif

Page 20: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Isolation Allows dialects to form.• Continued isolation allows them to remain.

– Appalachian: Olde English– Ozarks: Similar effect– Swamps: Creole, etc.– Oceans: Hawaiian, other Austronesian tongues, Icelandic…

• What happened to Hawaiian?– Political boundaries along physical boundaries reinforce this

effect. (multiple contributions)• If re-joined, dialects remain, not new languages.

– Trade and communication (the exchange of ideas)– Government actions– Education systems, etc.

Page 21: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language, Cultures, Politics, & landforms

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/15citaly.jpgContext: http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/lect/med26.html

Page 22: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Compare dialects and kingdoms

• Context: http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/lect/med26.html• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/15citaly.jpg• http://home.wanadoo.nl/arjenbolhuis/language-family-trees/63.gif• http://home.wanadoo.nl/arjenbolhuis/language-family-trees/

Page 23: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Without strong barriers, the dominant language spreads.

• This often takes time.• Slowly, old tongues are subsumed.• Some borrow words survive.• Note the loss of languages in

– England – United States: Pacific Coast (Indian Schools, etc.)– Amazonia

Page 24: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

The (almost?) loss of a language: Cornish

http://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/cornish-language/cornish-language-map.gifContext: http://www.cornwall-calling.co.uk/cornish-language/original-language.htm(300 proficient speakers…)

Page 25: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Dying Languages(?)

Tribes of the Pacific Northwest: Washington

http://www.lanecc.edu/library/don/don/map1.gifhttp://www.lanecc.edu/library/don/orelang.htm

Page 26: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

South America Languages

http://www.maps-eureka.com/images/samerlang.jpgSource: http://www.maps-eureka.com/language-regions.html

Page 27: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

One view of world language migration

• http://www.orangeyeti.com/wp-content/img/language-map-old-world.jpg

• (Get a better reference, and a better map…)

Page 28: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Minority Languages: Minority Cultural Remnants

http://tork.blogspot.com/uploaded_images/language%20map-733767.jpg

Page 29: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Major Languages of the World

• http://www.theodora.com/maps/world/world_language_map_transparent.gif• Context: http://www.allcountries.org/maps/world_language_maps.html

Page 30: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

European Linguistic Patterns:

Indo-European Sub-Families

Source: http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/map.euro.ie.GIFOther links, etc: http://www.ling.su.se/staff/ljuba/maps.html

Page 31: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

China: One Language?

• http://eagle1.american.edu/~ks0867a/images4/China%20population%20language%20map%20revised.png• http://eagle1.american.edu/~ks0867a/xinjiang.htm

Page 32: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language changes over time.

• Words are added and others forgotten. – Consider archaic and slang terms.– How long is four score and 20 years?– Cool ==> Hot ==> Rad ==> The Bomb ==> Sly?– We can hear our language change,

• if we listen for it, and remember the changes over time.• Language: wider range• Dialects: Yall, Dude, etc.• Dialect words ==> main language

– Nucular may be 'wrong', but they use it dude.– Dude?

Page 33: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Proto-Indo-European

Note: major parents, not migrations... http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/language.gif

Page 34: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language trees• Show the dominant parent language.

– Newer changes are more certain.• There is much borrowing from other languages.

– Some trees show this. Others don't.– What languages contribute to modern English?

• Thor's day, lunar, croissant, kirk, sushi, Shiva, etc.• (Tie borrow-words to languages.)• (Look for 10 or so...)

• Some branches survive, others wither and die.– Witness Finno-urgic and German branches.

Page 35: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Uralic Language Family

• http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~tojan/rlang/uralic.gif• Context: http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~tojan/rlang/finn1.htm

Page 36: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Pidgin Languages• Combination of parts of two languages• Used for communication between people• Limited vocabulary, often combined rules• Example:

– Spanglish• Some Spanish words, phrases• Some English words, phrases• Mixture of structure rules from both.

– Different from bilingual. Speak 1 & 1/nth language.– If not fluent in both languages there is less benefit.

• Day labourer language vs. corporate communication– One needs more linguistic facility to earn more

money, etc.– Works for trade, basic instructions.

Page 37: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Lingua Franca• Language of international communication• Globally: English now.• Regionally: English, French, etc.

– Depends on the region.• History

– Latin: Priests with a common tongue: interpreters– Frankish: Lingua Franca– French: politics, dominated the courts of kings.– English: after England dominated the seas– English: America as a dominant commercial power– Next: Chinese? (Don't know. It depends...)

Page 38: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

More Permanent Traditions: Printing

• http://www.writers-edge.info/uploaded_images/printing-747487.jpg

Page 39: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Technological advances

• Oral• Written• Manuscript• Print• Photocopy• Fax• Computer

http://www.nla.gov.au/worldtreasures/pictures/gut_bible/big_gut_vol1det_uk.jpgSee also: http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/

Page 40: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

How do Languages Spread?

Page 41: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Spread of Languages• Migration

– People take their language with them. (People take culture with them.)– Isolation dialects, eventually distinct languages– Example: Paleo-indians and Eskimos (Inuits) cross Bearing Land Bridge

• War (People take friends with weapons with them, too.)– Who writes history? The winners.– What language do they use? Theirs.– Who adapts? The losers, (if they survive).

• Trade– Communication is crucial to trade (Lingua Franca = English for trade)– Dominant trade language wins. (French --> English as Lingua Franca)

• Religion– Spread of Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, map. p. 165

• Knowledge– Internet supports English speakers, dominant internet communication.

– Much of American higher education is taught in English.

• Technological Advances– Facilitate cultural growth and diffusion. This benefits these cultures and their

languages.

Page 42: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language Dissemination• Languages, like stories, change over time.• When written, one version can spread out.• When printed, the spread is enhanced.

– Diffusion• Heirarchical

– Core to periphery» Consolidation of language and other cultural

attributes.» Such as...

• Religion

Page 43: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Koran

http://www.movinghere.org.uk/gallery/childhood/images/koran.jpg

Context: http://www.movinghere.org.uk/default.htm

Page 44: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Torah

• http://www.chavurah.org/Torah%20Studys.JPG

Page 45: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language Diffusion• Languages travel with cultures, to regions cultures are adapted

to.• Isolation over time produces dialects, then new languages.• Cultural discovery and dominance (economic or military)

enhance diffusion.– Agricultural revolution (first two: seeds and cuttings)– Food storage counting numbers

• later, written sounds…– Clay, then papyrus, then paper (writing media)– Horseback, shipping, air mail (transportation)– Printing, then copying (duplication)– E- distribution: fax, web, wireless (more a-spatial distribution)

• Cultures that dominate these processes have linguistic and economic advantages.

Page 46: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Diffusion: How languages spread• Migration• War• Trade• Religion• Knowledge

Page 47: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Diffusion: One language?• Support:

– Interactions favor one language over another. – Dominant languages spread.

• Contradiction:– English dialects differentiate.– Some become languages

• Ex: Singlish in Singapore (Jordan et. Al. p. 102)

Page 48: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Cultural Ecology• Isolation over time produces new languages

– (Cultural drift)• New environments produce new words.

– Need to describe the places you use…• Spanish: dry landscapes (ranching, etc.)• High latitudes: many words for snow (survival)• Seafaring Polynesians: describe sea swells, etc.

• Traditional societies rely upon the land.– This makes describing it critical to success.

• Adapt or die be sufficiently clear and precise.– Describe what you have adapted to, for future generations.

Page 49: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Cultural Ecology and Migration• Cultures often migrate to similar environments.

– Their skill base and languages are more suited to the land.

http://www.longwood.edu/staff/hardinds/Maps/USethnic.jpg

Page 50: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Culture and Language Interaction

• Religion• Technology• Empires• Cultural survival

Page 51: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Culture and Language Interaction

• Religion– Religion supports languages.

• Survival of Latin, Hebrew• Expansion of Arabic, English,

– Languages help spread religions.• Use the original language (Arabic)• Use the dominant language (Latin)• Use the language of your country (English)• Select one language of the region. (One in Fiji)

– (Synergy)

Page 52: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Culture and Language Interaction

• Technology– Agricultural revolution(s)– Writing, printing, internet, phone– Transportation systems and routes

• These increase diffusion.– Diffusion paths are preferential.

• These bring core languages to the periphery.• These often increase peripheral language loss.

Page 53: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Culture and Language Interaction

• Cultural survival– Languages transmit cultures– Loss loss of history, information, skills, etc.

• Die with the older generations…• Younger generations have different languages.

– Communication breaks down even more than normal.– Even worse if newer generations take to popular culture

– (The culture does not die, but parts of it are lost.) • Some counter this by using some technologies to

support the impacted languages.

Page 54: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Culture and Language Interaction

• Religion– Religion supports languages.– Languages help spread religions.

• (synergy)

• Technology– Agricultural revolution(s)– Writing, printing, internet, phone– Transportation

• Empires– Internal stability literacy, literature, technologies– Expansion diffusion, lingua franca– Routes faster diffusion, faster change

Page 55: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Linguistic Landscapes• Signs

– Show languages of commerce• Inclusion for those who read the language• Exclusion for all others

– Deny language use• Deny broadcasting, use • Part of ethnic cleansing

– Claim areas• Gang graffiti

– Also messages of exclusion, threats– Historical place names (toponyms)

• Northern vs. Southern US (book)• Australia (book), • Moorish influence in Spain (book)• California (Your reality: Spanish toponyms)

Page 56: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Linguistic Cultural Ecology• Isolation over time produces new languages

– (Cultural drift)• New environments produce new words.

– Need to describe the places you use…• Spanish: dry landscapes (ranching, etc.)• High latitudes: many words for snow (survival)• Seafaring Polynesians: describe sea swells, etc.

• Traditional societies rely upon the land.– This makes describing it critical to success.

• Adapt or die be sufficiently clear and precise.– Describe what you have adapted to, for future generations.

Page 57: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Don’t forget the text!

• Scan quickly for content overview.• Read and outline for comprehension.• Review outlines.• Review your class notes.• Review powerpoints.

Page 58: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Next Chapter: Ethnicity and Race

(Questions?)

((Stop.))

Page 59: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Yes, written: 100 down, 3900 to go… for High School?

http://webjapanese.com/kanji/wall/kanji01.gifNote: This is Japanese... They copied the patterns.

Page 60: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Unused slides follow.

Page 61: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Try link first…

http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/indi/indiefa.jpg

Context: http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/indi/indicm.htm

Page 62: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Check Link…

• http://www.akatsukinishisu.net/itazuragaki/kanji-de-genso_utf-8.png

• Context: http://www.akatsukinishisu.net/itazuragaki/2001_10.html

Page 63: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Language Groups

• Go to: http://home.wanadoo.nl/arjenbolhuis/language-family-trees/

Page 64: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

The big picture:

World languages today:(Link to history, development, trade, etc.)

Page 65: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

It’s All Greek to me!

• http://www.1728.com/greek.gif• Context: http://www.1728.com/greek.htm

Page 66: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

'Borrowed words': Written Greek

• Romans borrowed much from Greek culture• They then changed it.

– (Like the Japanese. Patterns repeat. This is useful.)• They borrowed

– Gods– Ideas– Stories– Written language,

• And changed them. Hera ==> Juno, etc.

Page 67: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

It’s not even Greek to me! Cyrillic: Orthodox Catholicism ‘Natives’

• http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/reference/img/cyrillic-alphabet.gif• Reference: http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/reference/cyrillic.html

Page 68: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

(Language is a part of cultural identity.)

http://www.unc.edu/~rdgreenb/dialectmap_small.gif

Page 69: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Alphabet and Cultural Identity: Korean

• http://silentnight.web.za/translate/korean.gif• Context: http://silentnight.web.za/translate/korean.htm

Page 70: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Languages as a tool for cultural identity: Korean

• After the last invasion by Japan– Yes, there were others, Japanese and Chinese– and the Koreans have NOT forgotten them.

• The Koreans expressed a resurgent cultural identity – In part by re-shaping the character strokes.

Page 71: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Germanic Tree

• Trimmed branches• Branches not commonly known• Dispersion over space, over time.• Then, change, combination.

– Germanic and English Afrikaans

Page 72: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Proto-Germanic

• http://www.steve.gb.com/images/science/germanic.png• http://www.steve.gb.com/science/learn.html

Page 73: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Arabic: (Allah)

• http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/islam/literature/pictures/allah.gif• Context: http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/islam/literature/pictures/allah.gif

Page 74: Chapter 4: Languages Communication, Aspects of Cultures

Vernacular English: Soda-pop

• http://quittingsoda.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/popvssodamap-300x180.gif