Chapter 4Findings and Discussion

By the end of this unit, students will be able to:•Analyse data to be reported in findings.•Formulate results based on data analysis.•Support results and findings with evidence from secondary sources.

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Chapter 4Analysis and Discussion

4.1 Data InterpretationDiscussed in two separate

categories:

◦Results: presentation of data/findingsand

◦Discussion: interpretation of data/findings

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In interpreting data consider;◦Interpreting findings and research as

a whole◦Relating to real life context◦Writing persuasively and

convincingly◦Having clear and logical organization◦Including limitations of research◦Using simple and clear language

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Writing style for data analysis

Describe summarize compare

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Sample illustrations for presenting data collected

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

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Series 1

Series 2

Series 3

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 40

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1st Qtr2nd Qtr3rd Qtr4th Qtr

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Series 3Series 2Series 1

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In writing a report, ensure that theanalysis of findings are reported

andinterpreted accurately. Use;Correct languageSpecific vocabulary and register

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Example of data analysis and discussion

The graph illustrates the size of urban population in six cities in the United Kingdom. According to the graph, London has the highest population whereas Liverpool has the lowest population. London embodies 6.8 millions people while Birmingham and Manchester embodies about 2.1 millions people each. 1.7 millions people reside in Leeds, and in Newcastle and Liverpool, there are about 1.5 million people. The graph shows that in London alone the population is similar to the total population of the other five cities. It can be concluded that its strategic location in Europe, standard of living and job opportunities are among the factors that have driven many people around the world to reside in London. NAR

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Note:

  In the above analysis, the first sentence explains what the

graph shows or illustrates. This is followed by a general statement of the trend observed regarding the population. This point is supported by the next few sentences which provide the statistical support. The last part draws a conclusion based on the analysis.

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Some specific register for data analysis

• Indicate• Show• Demonstrate• illustrate

To introduce the graph

• According to the graph/table/figure…• As shown/illustrated by the chart/graph…To state the

general statement

• Make up• Account for• Amount to• The highest• The least of

To provide statistical

data(when number or percentage is

used)

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Chapter 5Conclusion and

Recommendation

clear concise precise

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Conclusion indicates:A summary of findingsLogical deductions (reasoning) or

opinionE.g.

◦Based on the findings, the following conclusions can be made:

◦ i. Most UMP students prefer to work in small group discussion.

◦ ii. These students feel that they are able to express their opinions freely in small group discussion. NAR

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Writing style for recommendationsE.g.

◦ In order to reduce the number of accidents, it is essential that a more stringent law should be drawn to punish reckless road users.• The first part- in order to reduce the

number of accidents- states the objective, that is the reason or purpose behind an action.• The second part- a more stringent law

should be drawn to punish reckless road users- states the recommendation NAR

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End

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