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Chapter 4
Eliminating Unsafe Acts
4-1
Introduction
• Throughout the history of the fire service, tradition has been the backbone of operations
• “No fear” reasoning starts very early in careers
• Expected to reduce the risk as much as is feasible
• Task is to ultimately save lives and property and then stabilize an incident
• Some aspects of our tradition tend to build the foundation for unsafe practices
4-2
Life Safety Initiative 4
All firefighters must be empowered to stop unsafe practices
4-3
Life Safety Initiative 4
FOUNDATION OF UNSAFE PRACTICES
• New firefighters
• Trained to take orders
• Spiral into bad habits
• Unrealistic training
• Synthetic materials
• Real world attack line crews
4-4Courtesy of Richard Vandevander
Life Safety Initiative 4
FIREFIGHTER EMPOWERMENT
• Definition
• Granting permission to subordinates to exceed their normal authority
• Achieve organizational goals
• Clear line on what is permitted
• Intended to keep crew safe
Cont.4-5
Life Safety Initiative 4
FIREFIGHTER EMPOWERMENT
• McCoy’s model
• Education
• Enablement
• Empowerment
4-6
Life Safety Initiative 4
ACCIDENTS
• Definition
• Occurrence with
tragic results
• Could not be
predicted or prevented
Cont. 4-7
Courtesy of Retired Chief Don Barnes
Life Safety Initiative 4
ACCIDENTS
• Usually predictable
• Usually preventable
• Energy conversion to injuries
• Kinetic energy awareness
• Potential energy awareness
Cont.4-8
Life Safety Initiative 4
ACCIDENTS
• Safety equipment
• PPE perceptions
• PPE limitations
• Operational redundancies
• Now commonplace
industry wide
4-9Courtesy of John Kloski
Life Safety Initiative 4
RECOGNITION OF UNSAFE ACTS
• Unsafe acts in the spotlight
• Unsafe acts in disguise
• Poor risk management
decisions
• Distraction events
4-10Courtesy of Rick Armstrong
Life Safety Initiative 4
PREVENTING UNSAFE ACTS
• Three Es
• Example: Rollover curve
applied to firefighters
• Education
• Engineering
• Environment
• Enforcement4-11
Life Safety Initiative 4
STOPPING UNSAFE ACTS IN PROGRESS
• Categorize unsafe acts
• Know how to bring up a concern
• Plan for the problem
• Speak directly to supervisor
• Speak directly to peers
Cont.4-12
Life Safety Initiative 4
STOPPING UNSAFE ACTS IN PROGRESS
• Politely request to complete a task
• Call a timeout
• Working with unsafe acts
• Post-incident critique or debriefing
4-13
Life Safety Initiative 4
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)
• Identify and combat unsafe practices
• Allow and encourage observations
• Require involvement from all members
• Communicate respectfully
• Vital to improve empowerment
Cont.4-14
Life Safety Initiative 4
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)
• Policies and procedures
• Authority
• Checklists
• Training
• Situational awareness
• Task saturation and mistakes
Cont.4-15
Life Safety Initiative 4
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)
• Communication
• Everyone on same page
• Terminology
• Briefings
• Challenge and response
Cont.4-16
Life Safety Initiative 4
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)
• Problem solving
• Skills-based problem solving
• Rules-based problem solving
• If/then statement
• Knowledge-based problem solving
4-17
Summary
• Teaching recruits how to identify and address unsafe acts responsibly is vital
• Vigilance with empowerment is about stopping unsafe acts or poor practices
• Promising ways to stop unsafe acts are prevention methods and crew resource management (CRM)
• Using a respectful system of challenge and response, firefighters are empowered
4-18