Chapter 4 Civil War and Reconstruction

Lesson 1

The States at War

Vocabulary Preview

Emancipation Civilian Telegraph Sharecropping Border States Casualties Draft

Let’s Define…

Emancipation:

Freeing of enslaved people

Let’s Define…

Civilian

A person who is not in the military

Let’s Define…

Telegraph

A machine that sends electric

signals over wires.

Let’s Define…

Sharecropping

A system that allowed poor

farmers to use a landowner’s fields.

In return, the poor farmer gave the

landowner a share of the crop.

Let’s Define…

Boarder States

Slave states that remained part of

the Union during the Civil War.

Let’s Define…

Casualties

People who are killed, wounded, captured, or missing during a military action.

Let’s Define…

Draft

Forced enrollment in the armed forces.

Build on What You Know

Have you ever started a task that was harder than it seemed at first? At the start of the

Civil War, both sides thought they could win quickly. Soon, they knew that winning would

be far from easy.

North Against South

Main Idea:

The Union and the Confederacy had different strengths.

Union Strengths:

More people (22 million lived in the North, compared to 9 million who lived in the South).

More factories for making weapons and supplies

More Railroad lines (Soldiers and supplies could move quickly).

Confederate Strengths

Most of the fighting took place in the South, so Confederate soldiers were defending land they knew.

Excellent military leaders such as General Robert E. Lee.

Plans for War

Union Strategy to win the war: The navy would block southern seaports so

the Confederacy could not trade with other countries.

The navy would also take control of the Mississippi River.

The Union army would attack in the East and West at the same time.

The “Anaconda Plan”

The Union’s plan to block Confederate ports and attack by land was called the

“Anaconda Plan,” Named after a snake that squeezes its prey.

Plans for War

Confederate strategy to win the war: Fight off northern attacks until they could

survive as a separate nation. Enlist help from Britain and France because

those countries needed southern cotton. Win a lot of battles so the Union army would

get discouraged and give up.

Review…

What advantages did the Union army have over the Confederate army?

C’mon, you know this!!!

Answer…

More people (22 million lived in the North, compared to 9 million who lived in the South.

More factories for making weapons and supplies

More Railroad lines (Soldiers and supplies could move quickly).

Review…

What advantages did the Confederate army have over the Union army?

C’mon, you know this too!!

Answer…

Most of the fighting took place in the South, so Confederate soldiers were defending land they knew.

Excellent military leaders such as General Robert E. Lee.

Review…

Name the strategies the Union army planned to use to win the war…

Answer…

The navy would block southern seaports so the Confederacy could not trade with other countries.

The navy would also take control of the Mississippi River.

The Union army would attack in the East and West at the same time.

“The Anaconda Plan”

Review…

Name the strategies the Confederate army planned to use to win the war…

Answer…

Fight off northern attacks until they could survive as a separate nation.

Enlist help from Britain and France because those countries needed southern cotton.

Win a lot of battles so the Union army would get discouraged and give up.

What Both Sided Expected…

At the start of the war, both sides expected a quick and easy victory. Thousands of men from the North and South joined the Union

and Confederate armies.

So many men volunteered from Tennessee that the state became known as the

“Volunteer State”

The First Battle of Bull Run1861 (The war in the East)

In July 1861, a Union army marched south from Washington. (Remember…most of the

battles were fought on southern land.) Its goal was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA., about 100 miles away. The two armies fought at a stream called

Bull Run, near the town of Manassas.

First Battle of Bull Run1861

Both sides fought all day. At the end of the battle, called the First Battle of Bull Run, the Union army retreated in a panic. The battle was worse than expected! People

began to realize that the war would not end soon.

The War’s Leaders

Main Idea:

Military and political leaders played important

roles during the war. Ulysses S. Grant: Union General Robert E. Lee: Confederate General Abraham Lincoln: President of the U.S. Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederate

States of America

The Generals:

Union General: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate General: Robert E. Lee

One way to keep the Generals straight

is to remember the Confederate

soldiers called Ulysses S. Grant

“Useless S. Grant”

1862

General Robert E. Lee took command of the Confederate army in Virginia. That year, the Union tried twice more to attack Richmond.

Lee defeated his enemies BOTH times! After these victories, Lee decided to invade the

North.

(After his 2 victories, Lee was

feeling pretty confident…but should he?)

1862

General Robert E. Lee led his soldiers into Maryland. The Union army stopped him at the Battle of Antietam (an TEE tam). It was

the DEADLIEST day of the war!

1862

Both armies suffered at least 23,000 casualties! Lee’s losses were so high that he returned to

Virginia.

Battle of AntietamSeptember 17, 1862

6 a.m.- 9a.m. Confederate soldiers fight off three powerful Union attacks near Dunker Church.

9 a.m. – 1 p.m. Union attacks on the Sunken Road force Confederate soldiers to retreat toward Sharpsburg. Both sides suffering many casualties.

Battle of AntietamSeptember 17, 1862 Cont…

1 p.m.- 3 p.m. After hours of fighting, Union soldiers cross Antietam Creek and attack Sharpsburg. The bridge is later renamed for their commander, General Burnside.

3:30 p.m. Confederate soldiers take the Union soldiers by surprise, forcing them to retreat back across the river and saving Lee’s army from defeat.

The Battle of Shiloh(The war in the West)

General Ulysses S. Grant had more success. Grant led a Union army from Illinois into Tennessee. He captured several Confederate forts along the way.

In the Battle of Shiloh. Grant defeated a large Confederate army.

At the Same Time…

The Union navy sailed up the Mississippi River and attacked New Orleans. By early 1863, the only major Confederate town left on the

river was Vicksburg, Mississippi. From Vicksburg’s cliffs, Confederate soldiers could

shoot at Union ships on the river.

(Grant NEEDED Vicksburg to

control the river!)

The Draft in the South

Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy, faced many problems.

The Union blockade closed most Confederate ports. The south had trouble getting enough food, weapons, or money to fight.

To find more soldiers, Davis had to start a draft.

Review…

What is a draft?

The Draft in the North

President Abraham Lincoln faced many problems too.

As the number of casualties rose, he had to work hard to win support for the war.

Like the Confederacy, the Union had to start a draft.

How could people get out of the draft?

Rich people could pay to get out of the draft.

This upset the people who could not afford the money

and those who were against the war.

In New York City, people opposed to the draft started a riot that lasted for days. A riot is a violent protest. The government had to send

in thousands of soldiers to stop the riots.

Let’s Review

Why did people in the North

oppose the draft?

Hmmm…

And the Answer is…

Rich people could pay to avoid it while poor people could not.

They were opposed to the war.

Question…

What were some of the problems

Jefferson Davis faced?

I know you know this…

Answer…

Trouble getting: food weapons money to fight Not enough people wanted to join the army

Question…

What happened at the Battle of Antietam?

Answer…

The Union army stopped General Lee from invading the North.

The armies suffered a combined 23,000 casualties.

Question…

Why was Vicksburg the only major Confederate town left to capture on the Mississippi River?

Look closely at the photo…you’ll see the answer

Answer…

Vicksburg sat on cliffs above the Mississippi River where Confederates could shoot at

Union ships.

Question…

What were the 4 border states at the start of the Civil War?

Answer…

1. Kentucky

2. Maryland

3. Delaware

4. Missouri

Did You Know…

At first, the Confederacy won most of the battles in the East, while the Union won most of the battles in the West. However, victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg gave the Union

the advantage in the war.

Turning Points

Main Idea

Events in 1863 helped the Union become stronger in the Civil War.

Did You Know…

At the start of the war, President Lincoln’s only goal was to keep the Union together.

He did not plan to free the slaves.

Many people in the North wanted him to end slavery

What did President Lincoln do?

Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the salves. This action helped to weaken the Confederacy.

He realized the freed slaves would work to help the Union.

Emancipation Proclamation

A document signed by Abraham Lincoln declaring slaves in the Confederacy free.

It DID NOT end slavery in the border states.

What did the Confederate states do?

The Confederate states ignored the law!

The Union knew they would have to defeat the Confederate states to free the slaves.

The Emancipation Proclamation made the Civil War a war to end slavery in the South.

Vicksburg and Gettysburg

In 1863, the Union won two IMPORTANT battles.

Vicksburg and Gettysburg

Vicksburg Victory

In the West, General Grant’s army surrounded Vicksburg and fired cannons into the town for 6 weeks. On July 4th Vicksburg surrender.

The Union finally controlled the Mississippi River!

Gettysburg Victory

General Lee marched north into Pennsylvania. The Union army met Lee’s soldiers on July 1, near the town of Gettysburg.

For two days the armies battled back and forth. On the third day, Lee ordered a final attack…

What happened next?

Nearly 14,000 Confederate soldiers charged across open fields toward the Union army.

The Union soldiers were ready!!

They stopped the attack with rifle and cannon fire.

Turning Point

The heavy fire killed or wounded about half of the Confederate soldiers.

Lee’s weakened army had to retreat.

The Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg gave the Union a better chance of winning.

The Gettysburg Address

Later that year, President Lincoln gave a short speech known as the “Gettysburg Address.”

In his speech, Lincoln declared that American democracy would survive.

The speech is now considered famous.

Question…

Why was the victory at Vicksburg important to the Union?

Answer…

The Vicksburg victory gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

The End…

This is the end of Chapter 2, lesson 1.

See how much smarter you are?!