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CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CARBON & MOLECULAR
DIVERSITY
Check your knowledge by answering the questions in redCheck your knowledge by answering the questions in red
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRYORGANIC CHEMISTRY• The chemistry of carbon compounds
• Small organics such as CH4 16 daltons or AMU’s
• Macromolecules such as C3032H4816O872N780S8Fe4
=
64,500 daltons or AMU’s
or 64.5 kd
Can you name these molecules? Check your book if you can’tCan you name these molecules? Check your book if you can’t
Figure 4.0 Protein
WHY CARBON???WHY CARBON???WHY CARBON???WHY CARBON???• Smallest atom with bonding capacity of
4
• carbon-carbon bond is strong and versatile
• molecular diversity“carbon is unparalleled in it’s ability to form
molecules that are large, complex and diverse”
HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS
• Simplest organic compounds
• entirely C & H
• nonpolar
• insoluble in water
• examples: fossil fuels• oil, coal, natural gas
Figure 4.5 The role of hydrocarbons in fats
ORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITY
VARIATIONS IN CARBON SKELETONS
• nomenclature - number of carbons in backbone
• branched – add iso to name• double bonds – add ene name• rings – add cyclo to name
Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons
Linear vs. cyclical
Structural IsomersStructural IsomersStructural IsomersStructural Isomers
VARIATION IN SHAPE
ISOMERS - same molecular formula but different molecular structure
ASYMMETRICASYMMETRICalal
CARBONS affect the CARBONS affect the
shape of organic shape of organic
moleculesmolecules
the different shapes are the different shapes are
called enantiomerscalled enantiomers
ASYMMETRICASYMMETRICalal
CARBONS affect the CARBONS affect the
shape of organic shape of organic
moleculesmolecules
the different shapes are the different shapes are
called enantiomerscalled enantiomers
ENANTIOMERSENANTIOMERSENANTIOMERSENANTIOMERS• Typically only one
form is biologically active• Thalidomide• L-DOPA vs. D-
DOPA
Life prefers L-amino acids and D-sugars
Very important to pharmacists!!!!!! and organic chemists
Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds
See your textbookSee your textbookKnow these, Know these, know their properties,know their properties,Be able to draw them!!!Be able to draw them!!!
They’re guaranteed to be They’re guaranteed to be on the first test!!on the first test!!
ORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITYORGANIC DIVERSITY
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• reactive groups
• involved in chemical rxns
• determine chemical properties of organic molecules
• must be memorized
FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP
Hydroxyl group• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?
• sugars to dissolve due to number of OH groups
Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male
(testosterone) sex hormones
How do these two sex hormones differ? What do the suffixes tell you?How do these two sex hormones differ? What do the suffixes tell you?
FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP
Carbonyl group - 2 formsType 1• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?Type 2• formula:• name:
FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP
Carboxyl group• formula:• name:• Are they
• polar • or nonpolar
• organic acid
See your bookSee your bookWhich amino acids Which amino acids
have acid R groups? have acid R groups? What makes each of What makes each of
these an acid?these an acid?
FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP
Amine group• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?
• organic bases
See your bookSee your bookWhich amino acids Which amino acids
have basic R groups? have basic R groups? Why?Why?
FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP
Sulfhydryl group• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?• stabilize proteins
• disulfide bridge
Can you find the disulfide bridge???
FUNCTIONAL GROUPFUNCTIONAL GROUP
Phosphate group• formula:• name:• polar or nonpolar?
• also act like acids • It’s big job in life is to store and transfer
energyCan you name the molecule above?Can you name the molecule above?
Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds
The sooner The sooner you learn the you learn the functional functional groups the groups the easier organic easier organic chemistry and chemistry and biochemistry biochemistry become!become!
THOUGHT FOR THE THOUGHT FOR THE DAYDAY
THOUGHT FOR THE THOUGHT FOR THE DAYDAY
“Quality is never an accident, it is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, and skillful execution.”