Chapter 4Amino Acids

Revised 2/18/2014

Biochemistry IDr. Loren Williams

Proteinogenic Amino Acids

An amino acid contains an amine group a carboxylic acid group, a side-chain (or R-group,

all attached to the same chiral carbon atom (the Cα)

There are twenty 'standard' amino acids, distinguished by their sidechains. The standard amino acids are encoded by the genetic code throughout the tree of life.

The are three non-standard (non-canonical) amino acidspyrrolysine (found in methanogenic organisms and other eukaryotes), selenocysteine (present in many noneukaryotes as well as most

eukaryotes), N-Formylmethionine.

stereochemistry at the Ca

CORN

C’O, R, NH and H are bonded to the chiral Ca atom. Rotate the molecule so the Ca-H bond is directed out of the page (with the hydrogen atom toward the viewer), if C’O, R, NH groups are arranged clockwise around the Ca atom, then it is the L-form. If counter-clockwise, it is the D-form.

stereochemistry at the Ca

stereochemistry at the Ca

L Dstereochemistry at the Ca

stereochemistry at the Ca

Optically active molecules rotate a plane of linearly polarized light about the direction of propagation. Optical activity occurs in solutions of chiral molecules such as amino acids, sugars, etc.

Optical Activity

Optically active molecules rotate a plane of linearly polarized light about the direction of propagation. Optical activity occurs in solutions of chiral molecules such as amino acids, sugars, etc.

The a helix & b sheet (proteins) and A & B helices of nucleic acids have CD signatures representative of their 3D structures [caused by differential absorption of RH and LH circularly polarized light].

Optical Activity

Circular Dichroism

Spring 2014, not covered

alanine Ala (A) arginine Arg (R)asparagine Asn (N) aspartic acid Asp (D)cysteine Cys (C)glutamic acid Glu (E)glutamine Gln (Q)glycine Gly (G) histidine His (H)isoleucine Ile (I)leucine Leu (L)lysine Lys (K)methionine Met (M)phenylalanine Phe (F)proline Pro (P)serine Ser (S)threonine Thr (T) tryptophan Trp (W)tyrosine Tyr (Y)valine Val (V)

the 20 standard amino acids

the 20 standard amino acids

Table 4-1 part 1

flexible

smallhydrophobic

hydrophobic

hydrophobic

hydrophobicrigid

Table 4-1 part 2

hydrophobicmetal binder

hydrophobicno NH

hydrophobicaromatic

hydrophobicaromatic

Figure 4-5

Figure 4-4

Table 4-1 part 3

hydroxyl

hydroxyl

amide

amide

aromatic hydroxylthiolredox, metal

Table 4-1 part 4

base

base

acid/base

acid

acid

http://www.russell.embl-heidelberg.de/aas/

This is how I want you to draw peptides1) N to C (---->)2) correct stereochemistry at Ca3) correct ionization states (His,Cys)4) draw all H, except those bonded to C5) no chemical mistakes

Histidine (protonation state)

pH < pKa pH > pKa

HA H+ + A –

There is a sign error here that microsoft won’t let me fix.

anion above pH 3.1

anion above pH 4.1

neutral above pH 6.0

cation below pH 8.0

neutral below pH 8.3

neutral below pH 10.9

cation below pH 10.8

cation below pH 12.5

AMINO ACID JEWELRY

Selenocysteine exists naturally in all kingdoms of life.

Selenocysteine is found in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5' deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases, selenophosphate synthetase 1, methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B1, and some hydrogenases).

Selenocysteine is encoded by a UGA codon (normally a stop codon) using ‘translational recoding’. The UGA codon is made to encode selenocysteine by certain sequences and secondary structures in the mRNA.

Amino Acid 21: Selenocysteine Spring 2014, not covered

Pyrrolysine (Pyl or O) is a genetically coded amino acid used by some methanogenic archaea and one known bacterium. Pyrrolysine is used in enzymes that are part of methane-producing metabolism. Pyrrolysine is similar to lysine, but with an added pyrroline ring linked to the end of the lysine side chain. It forms part of an unusual genetic code in these organisms.

Amino Acid 22: Pyrrolysine Spring 2014, not covered

N-Formylmethionine (fMet) is a derivative of methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group. It is used for initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts, and may be removed post-translationally.

Amino Acid 23: N-Formylmethionine Spring 2014, not covered

Figure 4-3

Formation of a Peptide Bond

condensation dehydration

Formation of a Peptide Bondin the ribosome

Figure 4-6

Oxidation and Reduction of Cysteine

Oxidized

Reduced

Oxidation and Reduction of Cysteine

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reduced

oxidized

Oxidation and Reduction of GlutathioneSpring 2014, not covered

Figure 4-14

Modified Amino AcidsSpring 2014, not covered

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Figure 4-15

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