4th Edition - 2011

Chapter 4Chapter 4

The Disciplines of Emergency The Disciplines of Emergency Management: PreparednessManagement: Preparedness

PreparednessPreparedness ““A state of readiness to respond to a disaster, crisis, or any A state of readiness to respond to a disaster, crisis, or any

other type of emergency situation”other type of emergency situation” A theme throughout all Emergency ManagementA theme throughout all Emergency Management Predecessors:Predecessors:

– Fallout shelters of the 1950s Fallout shelters of the 1950s – Air raid wardens Air raid wardens

Preparedness has advanced - billions dedicated each year Preparedness has advanced - billions dedicated each year to emergency preparednessto emergency preparedness

Capacity to respond and recover from emergency and Capacity to respond and recover from emergency and disaster events is only built through planning, training, and disaster events is only built through planning, training, and exercisingexercising

Expansion of preparedness activities has led to an Expansion of preparedness activities has led to an increased professionalism within the disciplineincreased professionalism within the discipline

The Preparedness CycleThe Preparedness Cycle EM still in the early stages of its EM still in the early stages of its

establishmentestablishment Draws heavily on existing external fields, Draws heavily on existing external fields,

including emergency medicine, fire including emergency medicine, fire suppression, public health, business risk suppression, public health, business risk management, and law enforcement, for core management, and law enforcement, for core competenciescompetencies

FEMA National Preparedness Directorate FEMA National Preparedness Directorate depicts planning as a four-step cycledepicts planning as a four-step cycle

Step 1: PlanningStep 1: Planning

The cycle begins with the creation of various plans The cycle begins with the creation of various plans through with disaster response and recovery through with disaster response and recovery become possiblebecome possible

Planning is ambitious and requires significant Planning is ambitious and requires significant effort to achieve the many tasks involvedeffort to achieve the many tasks involved

Most often begins with the hazards risk Most often begins with the hazards risk assessment processassessment process

Involves a scooping of community vulnerabilityInvolves a scooping of community vulnerability Planning also involves resource and capability Planning also involves resource and capability

assessmentassessment

Step 2: Organize / EquipmentStep 2: Organize / Equipment

Preparedness limited by: Preparedness limited by: – Actual possession or access to the equipment needed to Actual possession or access to the equipment needed to

manage response requirements manage response requirements – The organization of people and agencies through which The organization of people and agencies through which

the necessary response and recovery tasks will take place the necessary response and recovery tasks will take place Several equipment categories (examples):Several equipment categories (examples):

– Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) – Communications equipmentCommunications equipment– Special search and rescue equipment Special search and rescue equipment

Equipment dictated by hazards / functionsEquipment dictated by hazards / functions

Step 3: TrainingStep 3: Training

Training equates to ability Training equates to ability Training needed by:Training needed by:

– Traditional emergency services Traditional emergency services – Elected officials responsible for key disaster-Elected officials responsible for key disaster-

specific decisionsspecific decisions– Businesses and nongovernmental organizations Businesses and nongovernmental organizations – Individuals Individuals

Step 4: ExerciseStep 4: Exercise

Rare nature of emergency events means that few Rare nature of emergency events means that few officials have experienced them first hand officials have experienced them first hand

Little applicable experience to rely upon when Little applicable experience to rely upon when these events do manifestthese events do manifest

Training provides experience, and includes:Training provides experience, and includes:– DrillsDrills– Tabletop exercisesTabletop exercises– Functional exercisesFunctional exercises– Full scale exercisesFull scale exercises

Step 5: Evaluation / ImprovementStep 5: Evaluation / Improvement Takes lessons learned and applies them Takes lessons learned and applies them Generally the product of two sources:Generally the product of two sources:

– ExerciseExercise– Actual disaster experienceActual disaster experience

Disasters:Disasters:– Show the full limits of an emergency management Show the full limits of an emergency management

organization’s capabilitiesorganization’s capabilities– Identify the highest benefit to cost ratio for future Identify the highest benefit to cost ratio for future

spending and dedication of time and staff resourcesspending and dedication of time and staff resources After Action Reporting (AAR) turn disaster After Action Reporting (AAR) turn disaster

experiences into lessons learned and the foundation experiences into lessons learned and the foundation of future planning cyclesof future planning cycles

Mitigation vs. PreparednessMitigation vs. Preparedness

MitigationMitigation: : attempts to eliminate hazard risk by attempts to eliminate hazard risk by reducing either the likelihood or consequence reducing either the likelihood or consequence components of the risk associated with the components of the risk associated with the particular hazardparticular hazard

PreparednessPreparedness: : seeks to improve the abilities of seeks to improve the abilities of agencies and individuals to response to the agencies and individuals to response to the consequences of a disaster event consequences of a disaster event once the disaster once the disaster event has occurredevent has occurred

Preparedness assumes the occurrence of an event, Preparedness assumes the occurrence of an event, whereas mitigation attempts to prevent the event whereas mitigation attempts to prevent the event altogether.altogether.

The EOPThe EOP Playbook by which response operations are conductedPlaybook by which response operations are conducted Not just a documentation of what will be done and by Not just a documentation of what will be done and by

whom, but rather the process by which these factors whom, but rather the process by which these factors are determinedare determined

Planning process is also cyclicalPlanning process is also cyclical Standard paradigm of designStandard paradigm of design

– The Base Plan The Base Plan – Functional Annexes Functional Annexes – Hazard or Situational Annexes Hazard or Situational Annexes

Nationwide planning efforts guided CPG-101Nationwide planning efforts guided CPG-101 States may use their own planning conventionStates may use their own planning convention

Evacuation PlanningEvacuation Planning For many communities, evacuation is one of the most important For many communities, evacuation is one of the most important

planning considerations planning considerations Events with and without pre-disaster warningEvents with and without pre-disaster warning Planning required to determine: activation procedures, routes, Planning required to determine: activation procedures, routes,

transportation methods, destinations, security, adherence, transportation methods, destinations, security, adherence, facilitation, and morefacilitation, and more

Few communities have conducted a full-scale test Few communities have conducted a full-scale test Katrina and Rita highlighted shortfalls in existing plansKatrina and Rita highlighted shortfalls in existing plans DOT study found 7 key elements to measure plans, including: DOT study found 7 key elements to measure plans, including:

Decision Making/Management, Planning, Decision Making/Management, Planning, Communication/Preparedness, Special Needs, Operations, Communication/Preparedness, Special Needs, Operations, Sheltering, Training/ExercisesSheltering, Training/Exercises

Special Needs PopulationsSpecial Needs Populations

Planning traditionally looked at a homogenous Planning traditionally looked at a homogenous population population

Many individuals have special needs that must be Many individuals have special needs that must be considered by emergency planners considered by emergency planners

Without such consideration, plans are likely to fail Without such consideration, plans are likely to fail No set criteria that makes a person special needsNo set criteria that makes a person special needs Community must assess their own population to Community must assess their own population to

determine special needs, and how to meet themdetermine special needs, and how to meet them Must work with representativesMust work with representatives

Preparedness EquipmentPreparedness Equipment

EM organizations rely upon a diverse range of EM organizations rely upon a diverse range of equipment to respondequipment to respond

During preparedness phase: During preparedness phase: – Equipment needs are identifiedEquipment needs are identified– Equipment is purchasedEquipment is purchased– Staff are trained in the use of the equipment required to Staff are trained in the use of the equipment required to

meet anticipated response requirementsmeet anticipated response requirements Federal Government facilitates acquisitions at the Federal Government facilitates acquisitions at the

State / local levels through grantsState / local levels through grants Authorized Equipment List (AEL)Authorized Equipment List (AEL)

Education and TrainingEducation and Training Have always been a integral to the emergency servicesHave always been a integral to the emergency services

– Firefighters = fire academyFirefighters = fire academy– Police = police academyPolice = police academy– EMS officials = public and private sourcesEMS officials = public and private sources

A revolution in EM education and trainingA revolution in EM education and training– Coincided with the 1979 creation of FEMACoincided with the 1979 creation of FEMA– Development of the practice as a professionDevelopment of the practice as a profession– Higher education component emergedHigher education component emerged

9/11 events transformed emergency management 9/11 events transformed emergency management training and educationtraining and education

EMIEMI EMI mission: “[Provide] a nationwide training EMI mission: “[Provide] a nationwide training

program of resident courses and nonresident program of resident courses and nonresident courses to enhance U.S. emergency management courses to enhance U.S. emergency management practices.”practices.”

10,000 attend resident courses and 100,000 10,000 attend resident courses and 100,000 participate in non-resident programs each year participate in non-resident programs each year

150,000 participate in EMI-supported exercises150,000 participate in EMI-supported exercises Hundreds of thousands use EMI distance learning Hundreds of thousands use EMI distance learning

programs programs

NationalNational FireFire AcademyAcademy

Mission: “Through its courses and programs, the Mission: “Through its courses and programs, the National Fire Academy works to enhance the National Fire Academy works to enhance the ability of fire and emergency services and allied ability of fire and emergency services and allied professionals to deal more effectively with fire professionals to deal more effectively with fire and related emergencies.”and related emergencies.”

NFA has trained more than 1.4 million studentsNFA has trained more than 1.4 million students Programs target middle- and top-level officers, Programs target middle- and top-level officers,

fire service instructors, technical professionals, fire service instructors, technical professionals, and representatives from allied professionsand representatives from allied professions

Public EducationPublic Education Difficult component of preparedness Difficult component of preparedness Also called risk communicationAlso called risk communication Air raid drills brought widespread behavior change Air raid drills brought widespread behavior change Two reasons for difficulty:Two reasons for difficulty:

– Most campaigns conducted without social marketing Most campaigns conducted without social marketing backgroundbackground

– Competing daily risks faced by the publicCompeting daily risks faced by the public FEMA “Ready.gov” FEMA “Ready.gov”

– Get a KitGet a Kit– Make a PlanMake a Plan– Stay InformedStay Informed

Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) 

ExercisesExercises After plan developed, equipment purchased, and personnel After plan developed, equipment purchased, and personnel

are trainedare trained Allow evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the Allow evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the

plan and its components and test involved systems, plan and its components and test involved systems, facilities, and personnelfacilities, and personnel

Conducted at all levels of government and in the private Conducted at all levels of government and in the private sectorsector

Four types of exercises:Four types of exercises:– full-scalefull-scale– partial-scalepartial-scale– FunctionalFunctional– TabletopTabletop

HSEEP allows evaluationHSEEP allows evaluation

Evaluation and ImprovementEvaluation and Improvement

Several programs allow evaluation of EM:Several programs allow evaluation of EM:– Emergency Management Accreditation Program Emergency Management Accreditation Program

(EMAP)(EMAP)

– The State Preparedness Report (SPR) The State Preparedness Report (SPR)

– The Target Capabilities List (TCL) The Target Capabilities List (TCL)

– The NIMS Compliance Assistance Support Tool The NIMS Compliance Assistance Support Tool (NIMSCAST)(NIMSCAST)

– Disaster Emergency Communications (DEC) Project Disaster Emergency Communications (DEC) Project

– The Comprehensive Assessment System (CAS)The Comprehensive Assessment System (CAS)

– Certified Emergency Manager (CEM) programCertified Emergency Manager (CEM) program

A National EffortA National Effort FEMA National Preparedness (NP) Directorate FEMA National Preparedness (NP) Directorate

drives national-level strategy drives national-level strategy PKEMRA led to creation of NP in 2007PKEMRA led to creation of NP in 2007 NP has wide leverage to develop and institute NP has wide leverage to develop and institute

preparedness programs that include:preparedness programs that include:– Training coursesTraining courses– National policy development and state/local policy National policy development and state/local policy

guidanceguidance– Planning and conduct of exercises Planning and conduct of exercises 

Requirements guided by the NRFRequirements guided by the NRF March 2005 - DHS released the Interim National March 2005 - DHS released the Interim National

Preparedness GoalPreparedness Goal

National Preparedness National Preparedness GuidelinesGuidelines

1.1. The The National Preparedness VisionNational Preparedness Vision2.2. The The National Planning ScenariosNational Planning Scenarios3.3. The The Universal Task List (UTL) Universal Task List (UTL) 4.4. The The Target Capabilities List (TCL) Target Capabilities List (TCL)

Two other programs: Two other programs: The Radiological Emergency Preparedness The Radiological Emergency Preparedness

Program (REPP) Program (REPP) The Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness The Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness

Program (CSEPP) Program (CSEPP)

NP ComponentsNP Components

Preparedness Policy, Planning, and Preparedness Policy, Planning, and Analysis (PPPA) Analysis (PPPA)

Technological Hazards Division (THP) Technological Hazards Division (THP) National Integration Center (NIC) National Integration Center (NIC) The Community Preparedness DivisionThe Community Preparedness Division The Preparedness Coordination DivisionThe Preparedness Coordination Division

Preparedness Grant ProgramsPreparedness Grant Programs Buffer Zone Protection Program (BZPP)Buffer Zone Protection Program (BZPP) Driver's License Security Driver's License Security

Grant Program (DLSGP) Grant Program (DLSGP)    Emergency Management Performance Grant Program (EMPG)  Emergency Management Performance Grant Program (EMPG)   Emergency Operations Center (EOC) Grant ProgramEmergency Operations Center (EOC) Grant Program   The Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP), which includes:The Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP), which includes:

– State Homeland Security Program (SHSP) State Homeland Security Program (SHSP) – Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) – The Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) ProgramThe Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) Program– Citizen Corps Program (CCP) Citizen Corps Program (CCP) – Operation Stonegarden (OPSG) Operation Stonegarden (OPSG)

Interoperable Emergency Communications Grant Program (IECGP) Interoperable Emergency Communications Grant Program (IECGP) Intercity Passenger Rail (Amtrak)  Intercity Passenger Rail (Amtrak)   Intercity Bus Security Grant Program (IBSGP) Intercity Bus Security Grant Program (IBSGP) Port Security Grant Program (PSGP)Port Security Grant Program (PSGP) Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grant Program (RCPGP)Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grant Program (RCPGP)

Business Continuity PlanningBusiness Continuity Planning The process by which businesses prepare for disasters The process by which businesses prepare for disasters

by identifying the risks to their business processes, by identifying the risks to their business processes, their facilities, their people, and their information, and their facilities, their people, and their information, and take action to reduce that risktake action to reduce that risk

Includes identification and enactment of the processes Includes identification and enactment of the processes by which businesses are able to continue to function by which businesses are able to continue to function during periods of disaster during periods of disaster

Increases community-wide resilienceIncreases community-wide resilience First began with the information age, focused First began with the information age, focused

primarily on information storage and retrievalprimarily on information storage and retrieval Concept has evolved Concept has evolved

BCP ContinuedBCP Continued Since 9/11, many of the changes that have occurred Since 9/11, many of the changes that have occurred

in the BCP sector include:in the BCP sector include:– Terrorism is given greater considerationTerrorism is given greater consideration– Greater concern for the physical safety of employeesGreater concern for the physical safety of employees– May involve the decentralization of business operationsMay involve the decentralization of business operations– May include the regional impacts of a disasterMay include the regional impacts of a disaster– Human relationships are accounted forHuman relationships are accounted for– Businesses striving for zero downtime Businesses striving for zero downtime – Novel approaches are being taken with data Novel approaches are being taken with data – Physical security is now a concernPhysical security is now a concern– Increased professionalization of the BCP industryIncreased professionalization of the BCP industry

FEMA Voluntary Private Sector Preparedness FEMA Voluntary Private Sector Preparedness Accreditation and Certification Program Accreditation and Certification Program