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8/21/2019 chapter 3:coordination and response
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FORM 5
CHAPTER 3
COORDIN TION ND
RESPONSE
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COORDINATION AND RESPONSE1. An organism experiences changes in its internal and
external environments all the time
2. The changes which cause responses in the body are
called stimuli
3. There are two types of stimuli:a) internal
b) external
4. Mammals detect stimuli through highly specialisedsensory cell called receptor.
5. Effectors in the body carry out the responses to stimuli
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COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
5. When the stimuli are detected and eventuallyresort in an appropriate response, it is called
coordination
6. The roles of coordination and response arecarried out by two different coordinating systems,
namely the nervous system and the endocrine
system
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puteri5578 4
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The main component and pathway involved in detecting and
responding to changes in the external environmentputeri5578 5
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The main component and pathwayinvolved in detecting and responding tochan es in the internal environment
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THE ROLE OF HUMANNERVOUS SYSTEM
Organisation of the nervous system
1. The human nervous system consist of a giantnetwork of nerve cells or neurones, and nerve
tissues which convey information between thesensory receptors, the organs and effectors.
2. It is divided into main subsystem:
a) central nervous system (CNS), consist of brainand spinal cord
b) peripheral nervous system (PNS), consist of
cranial nerves and spinal nerves.puteri5578 7
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Cerebrum Divided into two halves called the cerebral
hemispheres (left and right) It is responsible for many mental abilities
Cerebellum Coordinating centre for body movements
Evaluates the information and relays the need for
coordinated movements back to the cerebrum
Then sends appropriate commands to the muscle
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Medulla oblongata
Regulates the internal body processes that do notrequires conscious effort, that is, automaticfunctions such as the heart beat and breathing.
Reflex centre for vomiting, coughing, sneezing,hiccupping and swallowing.
Important role in homeostatic regulation.
Control centre of the endocrine system
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Pituitary gland Secretes hormones that influence other glands and
body function Controls the release of several hormones from the
pituitary gland and thereby serve as important linkbetween the nervous and endocrine system.
Hypothalamus Responsible for sorting the incoming and outgoing
information in the cerebral cortex
Integrates the information from the sensoryreceptor to the cerebrum by enhancing certainsignals blocking others.
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The spinal cord and its function1. Contain within the vertebral column
2. It is consist of white matter and grey matter
a) in cross section, grey matter looks like a
butterfly or the letter H
b) consist mainly of cell bodies of neurones
c) surrounded by white matter
d) the white matter comprises myelin-coated
axons of neurones that extend the whole
length of the spinal cord
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A cross section of the spinal cord showing the white
matter and the grey matterputeri5578 14
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The neurones
The nervous system is made up of millions of
nerve cells called neurones
Neurones transmit nerve impulses to other
nerve cells, glands or muscles
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Types of neurones
Neurones afferent
(sensory)
Carry sensory
information from
receptor cell to the
brain and spinal
cord.
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Types of neurones
Neuronesefferent
carry
information from
the brain or
spinal cord to the
effectors, that is
the muscle or
gland cells
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Types of neurones Interneurones
convey nerve
impulses between
the various parts of
the brain and spinalcord, transmit nerve
impulses between
afferent and efferent
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The transmission of informationacross synapses
Synapse is the site where two neurons, or a
neuron and a effector cell communicate.
The transmission of information across a
synapse involve the conversion of electrical
signals in the form of neurotransmitter
The function of synapses include controlling
and integrating the nerve impulses
transmitted by the stimulated receptors
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Voluntary action and involuntaryaction
The PNS has two main function
1. It transmits signal to the CNS for processing
2. It transmits responses from the CNS to the
rest of the body
Voluntary actions such as walking andtalking are under conscious control
Involuntary actions that involve skeletalmuscle allows immediate action that doesnot require conscious effort
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For example, if a finger touch a hot stove, the
reaction is to pull the finger immediately
without having to think about it In such circumstance when the responses to
stimuli are involuntary, they are called reflexes.
The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action iscalled a reflex arc
The effectors involved in involuntary action are
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
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Diseases of the nervoussystem
Parkinsons disease
Is a progressive disorder of a CNS that typicallyaffect victims around the age of 60 years
onwards. Parkinsons disease affect muscular
movements, causing tremors or trembling of
the arms, jaws legs and face Patients also have difficulty in maintaining
normal postures and experience impairedbalance and coordination
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder which
affect victims around the age of 60yearsonwards, causesthe loss of reasoning and the ability to care for oneself.
Individual of Alzheimer's disease often become confuse,
forgetful, and lose their way although they are in place
which are familiar to them.
As their mind continue to deteriorate, patients may lose
the ability to read, write, eat, walk and talk.
the cause of this disease still unknown, but the factorssuch as genetic, environmental or the aging process
itself can lead to Alzheimer's disease
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The role of hormone in human Endocrine system consists of a number of glands
that secrete hormones.
Hormones are the chemical messenger produce
by the endocrine glands.
Although the hormones travel in the blood of the
body, they affect and influence only the specific
target cell.
Once the hormone binds to its target cell, thehormone cause the cell to respond in the specific
manner.
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puteri5578 25The transport of hormones to target cells
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The need for the endocrinesystem
1. The endocrine system and nervous systemplay important roles in maintaining
homeostasis.
2. Both this system often works together.
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27
The endocrine system controls involuntary actions Conveys chemical signal
(hormones) Messages are conveyed via
the bloodstream Message are conveyed
slowly Messages are carried from
the source to the variousdestination
The response or effects are
long-lasting
The nervous system Control voluntary and
involuntary actions
Conveys electrical signals Messages are conducted
via neurones.
Messages are conveyed
rapidly Messages are carried
between specificlocations
The responses or effectare temporary
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Regulation of hormones secretion The pituitary gland is regarded as the master
endocrine gland because it secrete severalhormones that control other endocrine gland
Pituitary gland itself controlled by thehypothalamus.
Pituitary gland consist of two parts:
a) posterior pituitary
b) anterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary contains the axons andsynaptic terminals of the neurosecretory cells thatoriginate in the hypothalamus
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The role of the hypothalamus in regulating thesecretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitary
ADH oxytocin
ACTH TSH FSH & LHGrowth
hormonesprolactin
Kidney tubules Smooth muscle in the
uterus
Adrenal
cortex
Thyroid Ovaries, testes Bones, tissues Mammary
glands
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ADH and axytocin are synthesised in theneurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
but secrete by the posterior pituitary The hypothalamus controls the hormone
secretion of the anterior pituitary gland
and therefore, affect the secretion ofmany other endocrine glands indirectly.
The anterior pituitary controls the
secretions of hormones from the thyroidgland, the adrenal gland and gonad. All ofwhich are also endocrine glands.
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puteri5578 31
HYPOTHALAMUS
Thyroid-releasingHormone, TRH
ANTERIOR PITUITARYThyroid-stimulating
Hormone, TSH
TARGET GLANDThyroxine
Stimulates the anterior
pituitary to secrete TSH
Stimulates the target gland to
secrete Thyroxine
When the thyroxine concentration exceeds a certain level in the
blood, its inhibits TRH production in the hypothalamus and TSH
production from the anterior pituitary
Negative
feedback
inhibits the
release of
TSH
Negative
feedback
inhibits therelease of
TRH
Negative feedback mechanism in hormone regulation
E
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HOMEOSTASIS IN HUMAN Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively
constant internal environment. Physical factor such as body temperature and
blood pressure while chemical factor are sugar
level and osmotic pressure such as partial of
carbon dioxide and oxygen
The excretory system
Plays an important role in homeostasis The primary organs of the excretory system are
the kidneys.
32Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
F n ti n f th kidn
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Function of the kidneys1. Helps to regulates the water and salt balance in the
body by excreting more or less salt, and increasing the
in take or loss of water.
2. Regulate the osmotic pressure and ionic levels in the
blood
3. Excrete waste products.4. Regulate the blood pH
Waste products excreted by the kidneys are substances
that are not useful to the body such as waste productsfrom the metabolic reaction (urea, creatinine and uric
acid) and foreign substances in the diet (drugs or toxins)
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The human kidney The kidneys filter the blood and form the
urine which is exits the body through the
ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
Urine consists of water, urea and other
dissolved waste, and some excess nutrients.
Human kidney has two distinct region:
a) Renal cortex
b) Renal medulla
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The nephron The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
The human kidney consists of about 1 millionnephrons.
A nephron consists of three major parts:
a) Glomerulusb) Bowmans capsule
c) Renal tubule
Renal tubule is made up of the:
a) Proximal convoluted tubule
b) Loop of Henle
c) Distal convoluted tubule36Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
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puteri5578 37
Nephron
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Nephron perform three basic process:
1. Ultrafiltration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
Ultrafiltration When the blood enters the glomerulus, ultrafiltration
take place when the high pressure forces fluid throughthe filtration membrane into the capsular space
The fluid that enters into the capsular space is called theglomerular filtrate
glomerular filtrate contain water, glucose, amino acid,urea, mineral salt and other small molecule. Somecomposition as blood plasma but not contain red bloodcells and plasma protein
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Ultrafiltration in bowmans capsule
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R b
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Reabsorption Reabsorption take place when the substance
moves across the renal tubule into the capillarynetwork.
In the proximal convoluted tubule, there areabundance of mitochondria to generate ATP for
the process of active transport that used toreabsorb glucose and amino acid.
Solute concentration in the capillary network is
increase, so that water moves into the bloodcapillary by osmosis
In the loop of Henle, water, sodium and chlorideions are reabsorbed.
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At the distal convoluted tubule, more water, sodium
and chloride ions are reabsorbed.
B the time, the filtrate reaches the collecting duct, very
little salt left and 99% of water has been reabsorbed
into the bloodstream.
Only 1% of water in the filtrate actually leaves the body
as urine. Some urea diffuses out into the surrounding fluid and
blood because of its small molecular size.
Finally, about 45% of the original urea remain in the
collecting duct to be excrete in the urine.
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Secretion Not everything is filtered, only 20% of the plasma
leaves the blood vessels and enters the renaltubule. Hence there are waste product in theblood which were not filtered originally.
Secretion is a process in which waste and excess
substances that were not initially filtered aresecreted into the renal tubule.
Secretion take place in the renal tubules andcollecting ducts but is especially active at the distal
convoluted tubule. Secretion occurs by passive diffusion and active
transport.
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Detected by
osmoreseptors in
hypothalamus
Decrease in solute
potential
Normal plasma
osmotic level
Increased in solute
potential
Detected by
osmoreseptors in
hypothalamus
Increased permeability of distal
convoluted tubule and
collecting duct to water
Greater proportion of water
reabsorption in renal tubules
small volume of
concentration urine produced
large volume of dilute urine
produced
smaller proportion of water
reabsorption in renal tubules
Decreased permeability of
distal convoluted tubule and
collecting duct to water
n increased in
DH released
from posterior
pituitary
decreased in
DH released
from posterior
pituitary
Plasma solute potential
decreases
Plasma solute potential
increases
Increase
d water
intake
Decrease
d water
intake
REGULATION OF ADH PRODUCTION
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Notes about Kidney Dialysis:
The main stages that blood passes through during thedialysis process include:
Blood enters machine from body (under pressure from
radial artery).Pump (some diagrams show a roller pump) controlspressure and flow rate.Anticoagulant added to prevent clotting.Blood passes through dialysis membrane (equivalent to
kidney nephrons).Bubble Trap removes any gas bubbles from blood.Blood is filtered then returned to the patient's radial vein.
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Aft l D i f ti ft
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BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
After meal
Rise in blood glucoselevel
Secretion of more insulinor less glucagon by
pancreas
Liver cellsabsorb
glucose fromblood to formglycogen
Increase inglucose uptake
by body cellsfor respiration
Liver cellbreak down
glycogen intoglucose
Decrease inglucose uptake
by body cellsfor respiration
Drop in blood glucoselevel
Secretion of less insulin ormore glucagon by
pancreas
During fasting or afterexercise
Blood glucose levelreturns to normal
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Practising a healthy lifestyle
Drugs can alter brain functions and therates at which neurones releaseneurotransmitters
There are some types of drug and theireffects on the body:
48Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
Stimulants
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Stimulants Increase the activity of the central nervous
system
Cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines & caffeineincrease the heart rate and alertness Hallucinations, LSD perceive things that do not
exist
49
Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
D p ss nts
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Depressants Slow down the activity of the central nervous
system Alcohol, barbiturates & heroin slow down the
breathing rate &lower blood pressure
50Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
Plants hormones
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Plants hormones
Plants hormones is a chemical substances whichis produced by the plants and influences the
growth and development of the plants. Examplesauxinsand ethylene
Auxins
Auxins controlled the plants respond to stimuli by
growing in a certain direction called tropism. Growth of shoots towards sunlight is called +ve
phototropism and growth of shoots away fromsunlight is called -ve phototropism.
Auxins promotes the elongation of cells in theshoot
51Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
The growth movement of a plant is response to
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The growth movement of a plant is response to
gravity is called geotropism.
Auxins is used to:
a) Increase the stem length by increasing the rate of cell
division
b) Stimulate the growth of adventitious roots from the
stemc) Parthenocarpy, produce seedless fruit
d) Promotes growth of plants cells. Delay fruit ripening
and prevent fruit from falling off the plant before it is
ripe
52Kirsten (ThinkTankCentre)
Ethylene
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Ethylene Ethylene is a plant hormones which is synthesised
during the ripening of fruits. The synthesis of ethylene occurs in fruits, leaves and
stems
Speedup the ripening of fruits by stimulating theproduction of cellulase that used to hydrolyses the
cellulose in plants cells walls, making the fruits soft.
Promotes the breakdown of complex carbohydrates
into simple sugar. That is why a ripe fruit tastes
sweeter than an unripe fruit
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THE
END