Chapter 39

Human

Endocrine System

We know that ecstasy affects serotonin levels in the brain.

How can this affect the rest of the body?

Short-Term Adverse Effectsclouded thinkingagitation disturbed behavior.

sweatingdry mouth (thirsty), increased heart rateFatiguemuscle spasms (especially jaw-clenching) hyperthermia.

Long Term:HyperthermiaArrythmiasRenal failure

For example, the development of thirst and the hyperthermia are due to actions of Ecstasy in the hypothalamus (green), which controls drinking behavior and body temperature.

The Endocrine System

is responsible for chemical regulation. Stimuli may cause certain glands to

secrete chemical messengers known as hormones.

These hormones cause other parts of the body to respond. Target Cell

Endocrine System

Hormones- chemical messengers that are secreted by glands and diffuse directly into the bloodstream

hormones regulate a wide range of activities in humans

Human Endocrine System Includes the endocrine glands and their

hormones. The glands are Ductless.Ductless glands release (targeting)

hormones directly into the bloodstream. The plasma of the blood transports each hormone throughout the body.

Each hormone acts on a certain tissue called a Target Tissue.

Pineal

*Hypothalamus**Pituitary*

Parathyroid

*Thyroid*

thymus

*Adrenal*

*Pancreas,*“Islets of Langerhans” Ovaries

Testes

The Brain and It’s Endocrine Glands

The Endocrine Matching Game http://www.last.fm/music/Red+Hot+Chili+Peppers/_/Give+It+Away

GlandGland Hormone Hormone SecretedSecreted

Hormone Hormone FunctionFunction

TargetTarget

CellCellAnterior Pituitary

Stimulates thyroid

Thyroxin

Increases blood glucose

Heart, lungs, blood vessels, eyes

The Endocrine Matching Game GlandGland Hormone Hormone

SecretedSecretedHormone Hormone FunctionFunction

TargetTarget

CellCellAnterior Pituitary

GH Elongate bones Bones

Anterior Pituitary

TSH Stimulates thyroid Thyroid

Thyroid Thyroxin Controls metabolism Body cells

Pancreas Glucagon Increases blood glucose

Liver and muscle cells

Adrenal Adrenaline Prepare for fight or flight

Heart, lungs, blood vessels, eyes

(1) Hypothalamus

(1) HypothalamusSmall region of the brainIt controls the release of hormones by the

pituitary gland (the master gland) Considered to be a major link between the

nervous system and the endocrine systemRe: the autonomic N.S. controls: heart rate,

blood vessel, bladder, bronchi, kidney, stomach, GI tract functions

(1) Hypothalamus

(2) Pituitary GlandLocated at the base of the brain

Called the “master gland” because it controls the activities of other

glandsSecretes three major hormones:

GH, TSH, and FSH

(2) Pituitary Gland

(2) Pituitary Gland

TSH

TSH-RH

The Over Secretion of Growth Hormone

7’4”, 500lbs

Do Now: 4/2Do Now: 4/2Which endocrine gland is the most important and why?

Dwarfism

Herve Villechaize

Hypothyroidism Dwarfism

Growth Hormone (GH)

This hormone controls the growth of the body by

stimulating the elongation of bones

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone thyroxin

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Stimulates the activities of the ovaries and testes

(3) Thyroid GlandLocated in the neck

below the larynx and in front of the trachea

This gland secretes thyroxin which contains iodine

(3) Thyroid Gland

Do Now:

Using your HW identify the hormones numbered 1+2.

What is the reason for the “+” and “-” symbols.

1. _____

2. _____________

Do Now: ANSWERS 1 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

(TSH) 2. Thyroxine

“+” positive feedbackStimulates

“-” negative feedback (shuts off)

TSH

Thyroxin Regulates the rate of metabolism in the body and is

essential for normal physical and mental development Secretion of thyroxin is regulated by TSH, which is

secreted by the pituitary gland Lack of iodine in the diet will lead to lack of thyroxin

secretion. This produces enlargement of the thyroid gland and is called Goiter

Goiter- is the result of iodine deficiency in the diet

Iodine Needed for Thyroxin

Goiter- is the result of iodine deficiency in the diet

Iodine Needed for Thyroxin

(4) Parathyroid Gland

Are tiny oval glands embedded in the walls of the thyroid gland

Secretes parathormone Parathormone controls

calcium metabolism Calcium is necessary for

proper growth of teeth and bones, blood clotting, and nerve function

(5) Adrenal GlandLocated on the top

of each kidneyEach gland consists

of two layers:

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal CortexSecrete steroid hormones that: a) regulate water balance and blood

pressure by controlling the reabsorption of sodium salt into the blood from the kidneys

b) stimulate the conversion of fat into glucose

Adrenal Medulla

Secretes adrenalin Adrenalin increases the blood

sugar level and accelerates the heart and breathing rate

Adrenalin

?

Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary

Body cells

Run for your lives

(6)Pancreas“Islets of Langerhans”

Both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland (The exocrine portion secretes digestive juices into

the small intestine) The endocrine portion consists of small clusters

or “islands” of hormone-secreting cells called the Islets of Langerhans

The Islet of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon……..video

(6)Pancreas“Islets of Langerhans”

Both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland (The exocrine portion secretes digestive juices into

the small intestine) The endocrine portion consists of small clusters

or “islands” of hormone-secreting cells called the Islets of Langerhans

The Islet of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon……..video

Insulin

Facilitates the entrance of glucose into body cells

lowers blood sugar levels by promoting the movement of sugar out of the blood and into the liver where it is stored as glycogen

GlucagonStimulates the release of sugar from

the liver and into the blood

Therefore:

insulin lowers sugar level in blood

glucagon raises sugar level in blood

DiabetesWhen the Islets of Langerhans fail to

produce enough insulinAs a result, glucose that enters the

cell decreases, and glucose levels in the blood increases Type 1, link Type2

http://diabetes.healthcentersonline.com/animations/show_animations.cfm?cmbtopics=214

http://www.healthscout.com/animation/1/34/main.html

(6) Gonads Sex organs

1. Males- testes that secrete testosterone which influences the development of the male secondary sex characteristics

2. Females- ovaries that secrete estrogen which influences the development of secondary sex characteristics

Do Now: 4/3Do Now: 4/3

Explain the events that happen when a teacher calls home?

Feedback???

To secrete

Stimulates

Parathyroid

Parathormone

Bones to release Calcium

into blood to restore

normal levels

Normal blood Calcium level

What if levels go to high?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Stimulates the activities of the ovaries and testes

Negative Feedback

Is a type of self-regulation associated with endocrine regulation

It operates on the principle that the level of one hormone in the blood stimulates or inhibits the production of another hormone

Ex: TSH regulates the secretion of thyroxin by the thyroid gland

Pituitary

Thyroxine TSHTSH

TRF “H”Hypothalamus

Secretes

Secretes

Stimulates

Thyroxine

3Thyroid

regulatesmetabolism

2 Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Stimulating

Hormone, (TSH)

1Hypothalamus TRF

Goiter formation

Normal cells Goiter cells

Goiter cells

Normal thyroid Thyroid cancer

Secretes

Secretes

Stimulates

Thyroxine

3Thyroid

regulatesmetabolism

2 Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Stimulating

Hormone, (TSH)

1Hypothalamus TRF

Goiter Normal Thyroid

formation

______

_____

______

Secretes

Secretes

Stimulates

Thyroxine

3Thyroid

regulatesmetabolism

2 Pituitary Gland

Thyroid Stimulating

Hormone, (TSH)

1Hypothalamus TRF

Goiter Normal Thyroid

formation

39-3 The Reproductive System

Reproduction is the formation of new individuals.

It Occurs: Sexually: fusing sperm + egg nuclei Asexually: production of clones

What is the objective of the reproductive systems?

Males: Develop gonads (testes) which produce:

gametes (aka sperm)Sex hormones, Testosterone which influences male muscle

development and deepens voice. Females:

Develop gonads (Ovaries) which produce:Eggs (aka Ovum) Sex hormones:

Estrogen: Secondary sex characteristics Progesterone: the pregnancy hormone

Puberty

Puberty is a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional.

Most organisms in nature can Reproduce after they are Sexually mature .

An eagle can reproduce after 4-5 years. http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/eagle/eagle8.html

Effect of testosterone Section 39-3

The Male Reproductive System

(A) Testes Are the male gonads1. Produce sperm2. Sperm is produced in the seminiferous

tubules and stored in the epididymis3. Sperm then leaves the epididymis

through the vas deferens and into the urethra (which is a tube inside the penis)

4. The penis is a structural adaptation for internal fertilization

5. Glands secrete a liquid into the urethra which combines with the sperm cells. This liquid serves as a transport medium for the sperm cells and is called semen

6. Testes also produce the male sex hormone called testosterone

7. Testosterone regulates the maturation of sperm and the development of secondary sex characteristics such as beard development and voice pitch

8. Scrotum- sac in which the testes are located a) outside the body b) keeps the temperature 1-2 degrees

Celsius cooler than normal body temperature

c) this provides an optimum temperature for sperm production

HEAD with NUCLEUS & ACROSPORE

Shaft (middle region)

TAIL (MOTILITY)

HypothalamusThe hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.

Pituitary glandThe pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

Parathyroid glandsThese four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

ThymusDuring childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development.

Adrenal glandsThe adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

Pineal glandThe pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.

ThyroidThe thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.

PancreasThe pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

OvaryThe ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Section 39-1Figure 39–2 The

Endocrine Glands

HypothalamusThe hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.

Pituitary glandThe pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

Parathyroid glandsThese four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

ThymusDuring childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development.

Adrenal glandsThe adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

Pineal glandThe pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.

ThyroidThe thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.

PancreasThe pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

OvaryThe ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Section 39-1Figure 39–2 The

Endocrine Glands

Figure 39–14 The Female Reproductive System

Oops, wrong oneThe Arethra:

Ovary

Female Reproductive Structures, (side VW)

Sperms path

Rectum

Vertebrae

Bladder

The Effects of EstrogenSection 39-3

(II) Menstrual CycleMature egg develops and is releasedBegins at puberty and ends at menopauseHormones involved: FSH estrogen LH progesteroneStages involved in order: follicle stage ovulation corpus

luteum menstruation

1. Follicle Stage 10-14 days

* FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland which stimulates maturation of egg in the follicle** As the follicle develops, it releases estrogen which stimulates the uterine lining to thicken with blood 

2. Ovulation Secretion of LH (lutenizing hormone) from the pituitary causes a mature egg to be released from the follicle and into the fallopian tubules (oviduct) 

3. Corpus Luteum 10-12 days

* The burst follicle fills with cells forming the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone fuher thickening of the uterine lining

4. Menstruation3-5 days

If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone secretion decreases and the lining of the uterus breaks downThe lining of the uterus is sloughed off and discharged from the body through the vagina as a result (period).

The Menstrual CycleThe Menstrual CycleSection 39-3

The Menstrual CycleThe Menstrual CycleSection 39-3

Do Now 4/26Do Now 4/26

1. Describe the menstrual cycle. (remember there are 4 stage!!!!)

2. What is a Feedback Mechanism?

Do NowDo Now

Do Now Do Now AnswersAnswers

(II) Menstrual Cycle

1. Follicle stage

2. Ovulation

Luteinizing hormone is

produced by ___

3. Corpus LuteumProgesterone

maintain the ___

4. Menstruation

FSH stimulates from the ___

Estrogen thickens the ___

(II) Menstrual Cycle

1. Follicle stage

2. Ovulation

Luteinizing hormone is

produced by ___

3. Corpus LuteumProgesterone

maintain the ___

4. Menstruation

FSH stimulates from the ___

Estrogen thickens the ___

1. Follicle Stage10-14 daysFSH is secreted by the pituitary gland

which stimulates maturation of egg in the follicle

As the follicle develops, it releases estrogen which stimulates the uterine lining to thicken with blood

2. Ovulation

Secretion of LH (lutenizing hormone) from the pituitary causes a mature egg to be released from the follicle and into

the fallopian tubules (oviduct)

3. Corpus Luteum Stage

10-12 daysThe burst follicle fills with cells

forming the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone

Progesterone stimulates further thickening of the uterine lining

Do Now Do Now

1. Describe the menstrual cycle. (remember there are 4 stage!!!!)

2. What is a Feedback Mechanism?