Chapter 37: Circulatory &

Respiratory Systems

Circulation: Structure and Function

TRANSPORTATIONCells need to get nutrients and oxygen and get rid of wastes

Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood

Section 37.1

What needs to be transported in the body?

Transportation in living organisms:

• Oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body

• Nitrogenous wastes to the kidneys for removal

• Carbon dioxide waste from cells to the lungs for removal

• Food nutrients from the intestines to cells for energy

1. _________ is contained in ____________.2. The parts of the circulatory system are:

a. __________________

b. __________________

c. __________________

            

  

        

     

vesselsBlood

heart

vessels

blood

Heart: parts

Hollow muscular organ that pumps blood

Enclosed by a protective layer called the pericardium

The thick layer of muscle is called the myocardium, which contains epithelial and connective tissue.The myocardium contracts to pump blood!

4 heart chambers4 heart chambers Atria: 2 upper chambers that receive blood into the heart. Receiving chambers (singular =

atrium) Ventricle: 2 lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart. Pumping chambers. Ventricles have thick muscle to pump to the lungs/body

septum

II. The HeartA. The heart is made up of ______________.

1. It is enclosed by the __________________ which protects it.2. The walls of the heart are made of a thick

layer muscle called the _________________________, which

is surrounded by layers of epithelial and ___________________ tissue.

muscle

pericardium

myocardium

connective

PericardiumProtective sac of

connective tissue Surrounds the

heartFilled

with fluid

Check… Which body system acts in a way

similar to a transportation system?a. circulatory c. excretoryb. nervous d. respiratory

In the walls of the heart, the thick layer of muscle is called the

a. myocardium. c. connective tissue layer.

b. pericardium.d. epithelial tissue layer.

CirculationSeptum – layer that divides

left and right sides of heart

Right side in charge of pumping blood from heart to lungs (pulmonary circulation)

Left side receives blood from lung, sends it out to rest of body! (systemic circulation)

After blood comes back from body, blood returns to right side and back to lungs for more O2

Myocardium (heart muscle) shown in red

Epicardium(Outer surfaceof myocardium)

Endocardium(Inner surface of myocardium)

Circulation Video Clip

Heart terminology

Veins go to the heartArteries go away from the

heartCapillaries join the two and

bring blood close to cellsOne-way valves in the heart

keep circulation efficientValves = flaps of connective

tissue between atria and ventricles that open and close to move blood in a one-way flow

B. The heart contracts about ____ times per minute.1. Each contraction pumps _______ of blood.

C. The _______ divides the _______ and _______ sides of the ________.1. This prevents the mixing of the side that carries blood with _________ and the side without.

70 mL

72

septum right left

heart

oxygen

D. Chambers of the Heart1. The Upper Chamber is the __________.

a. Atria ________ the _________.

2. The Lower Chamber is called the ___________.

a. __________ pump blood ______.

3. The human heart has ___ atria and ___ ventricles.

atrium

receive blood

outVentricles

ventricle

22

heart animationsheart parts

Check…Which is the correct direction of blood flow?a. left ventricle pulmonary artery aortab. right atrium right ventricle pulmonary

arteryc. left ventricle left atrium aortad. right atrium left atrium pulmonary artery

In the heart, the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood is prevented by the

a. septum. c. tricuspid valve.b. pericardium. d. mitral valve.

Heartbeat

2 networks of muscle fibers in heartOne in atria, one in ventricles

Pacemaker – group of cardiac muscle cells, also called “sinoatrial node,” which contract and send an impulse to the network of muscle fibers

Blood can be stored in atria until it’s ready to move

When the network in the atria contracts, blood in atria flows into ventricles

When muscles in ventricles contract, blood flows out of heart!

When blood leaves the _________________ side of the heart, it is oxygen-poor. When blood leaves the _________________ side of the heart, it is oxygen-rich.

Blood vesselsWhen blood leaves left side, it is full

of oxygenAorta = large blood vessel that receives

blood after it leaves left ventricle3 types of blood vessels

Arteries, capillaries, veinsArteries:

Super highways, large, and muscularCarry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery.)

Blood vessels continuedCapillaries:

Smallest with walls only one-cell thickBring oxygen and nutrients to tissues

and absorb CO2“Side streets and alley ways”

Veins:Large and muscularcontain valves and return blood to heart

Blood PressureBlood pressure =

force of blood on arteries’ walls

Sphygmomanometer = device to measure blood pressure in your arm

Systolic pressure = force in arteries when ventricles contract

Diastolic pressure = force felt in arteries when ventricles relax

Blood

Body contains about 4-6 liters45% consists of cells

Red blood cells called erythrocytes which transport oxygen (the protein hemoglobin binds iron and oxygen)

White blood cells called leukocytes fight infection

Platelets are cell fragments that aid in clotting55% consists of straw colored fluid called

plasma90% waterContains albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

Whole Blood Sample

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Plasma

Sample Placed in Centrifuge

Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged

Lymphatic system

plasma

Red blood cells

White BCand

Platelets

Diseases of the Circulatory SystemHeart disease, stroke

are leading causes of death in US

Main causes: high blood pressure & atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis = condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up inside the arteries

Consequences of atherosclerosisBlocked arteries can

cause part of heart to die from lack of oxygen

If enough heart muscle dies, heart attack occurs

Blood clots can form, get stuck in blood vessel leading to brain

Stroke occurs

Keeping your Circulatory System Healthy!Exercise to keep

your heart strongEat a low fat/low

cholesterol dietDon’t smoke!Cardiovascular

diseases are much easier to prevent than to cure.

Check…Which of the following is true about blood pressure?a. Diastolic pressure is higher than systolic

pressure.b. It is not affected by atherosclerosis.c. It drops a great deal when traveling through

arteries.d. It is lower in veins than in arteries.Which of the following are the smallest of the blood

vessels?a. veins c. capillariesb. lymphatic cells d. arteries

Blood Type Review…Which of the following genotypes result in

the same phenotype?a. IAIA and IAIB c. IBI and IAIB

b. IBIB and IBi d. IBi and ii

If a man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B produce an offspring, what might be the offspring’s blood type?

a. AB or O c. A, B, AB, or Ob. A, B, or O d. AB only

Respiratory System

2 kinds of respiration1. Cellular respiration = breaking down food molecules in the mitochondria in presence of oxygen to make ATP

2. Respiration for the organism = gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out)

Function of respiratory system: to bring about exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, air and tissues

Respiratory System diagram

Parts of Respiratory System

Air: flows from the mouth & nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchus tubes

bronchioles alveoliPharynx = passage for air/food

Trachea = windpipeEpiglottis = flap of tissue that

covers entrance to trachea when

you swallowalveoli = air sacs surrounded by capillaries

Keep it Clean!

Cilia and mucus act as filters along the pathway

to keep lung tissue healthy, need to keep air warm, moist, filtered!Nose hairs filter dustMucus moistens air, traps dust/smokeCilia sweep dust, mucus away from lungs so they can be swallowed or spit out

animation

Larynx and Gas ExchangeLarynx, or voice box, has two elastic

folds of tissue (your vocal cords!)2 bronchi (singular: bronchus) =

passageways from trachea to lungsThese tubes subdivide into smaller

tubes (bronchioles)They end at alveoli (air sacs), where

oxygen diffuses into capillaries to enter _________, while _________is picked up to be _______________________

Breathing

Movement of air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs

Mainly controlled by brain!Diaphragm = large flat muscle at base of

chest cavityProcess of breathing is driven by air

pressureWhen diaphragm contracts, air comes inWhen diaphragm relaxes, air is exhaledanimation

Check…Air is forced into the lungs by the

contraction of thea. alveoli. c. diaphragm.b. bronchioles. d. heart.

Which of the following activities is the best analogy for respiration?

a. exchanging gifts c. receiving a gift

b. giving a gift d. sitting in a chair

Respiratory Diseases• Bronchitis: inflammation of bronchi• Emphysema: loss of elasticity of lung

tissue alveoli can’t expand for gas ex. tobacco damages the tissue

Nicotine paralyzes cilia in upper respiratory system!

NIDA.gov

• Asthma: narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles due to the constriction of muscles

around the airways. Environmental, genetic?

• Cystic fibrosis: recessive, autosomal genetic disease in which lungs collect mucous and cause multiple infections.

Cystic Fibrosis

Check…Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung

cancer can be caused bya. swollen bronchi. c. groups of

cancer cells.b. enlarged alveoli. d. smoking.

Air is filtered, warmed, and moistened in the

a. nose and mouth. c. lungs.b.throat. d. pharynx.