Chapter 35

FDR and the Shadow of War

The London Conference 1933

International meeting to stabilize currencies and exchange rates

Would help in world trade America withdraws; every-man-for-himself attitude= Increased extreme nationalism = international

cooperation difficult

Filipinos and Russians Tydings-McDuffie

Act 1934 Independence by

1946 for Filipinos Philippines becoming

a financial drain on the U.S.

U.S. finally recognizes Russia 1933

Good for trade Good for fighting

against Germany and japan

Good Neighbor Policy: L.A. Reduced armed

intervention in LA relationships will

transfer to collaborative defenses against foreign invasion

Platt Amendment repealed 1934 (Cuba)

Mexico/American oil issues resolved amicably

Policy considered successful by both U.S and LA

Can you say…Reciprocal Trade Agreements

The Coming of WWII

The rise of totalitarian dictatorships in Europe and Asia challenges the

U.S. policy of Neutrality

Vocabulary1. Fascism : political philosophy that puts

nation, and often race, before the individuala. lead by a dictator

b. allows for selective capitalism

c. anticommunist

d. government

2. Communism: Advocates one-party rule and the elimination of private property

a. does not tolerate opposition

b. theoretically, everyone is supposed to be equal

c. has economic and political control

A. The Rise of Dictators: Why?

Failures of Treaty of Versailles

a. Germanyi. Blamed for war/reparationsii. Lost lands

b. Sovieti. Lost lands

c. Unrealistic expectations for new “democracies”

i. War debt, homelessness, unemployment =ii. increased dictatorships

2. Economic Depression!

1. Benito “Il Duce” Mussolini & Italy

a. 1st Fascist gov’tb. Exploited fears of

communism on Italy to gain support

2. Joseph Stalin: the “Man of Steel” & the Soviet Union

a. Came into power after Vladimir Lenin died

b. 1922: formation of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/USSR

Stalin’s Plans con’tc. Changed

industry and agriculture

i. collectives: farms under govt control

ii. “Five year plan” (x3)

1. Steel production increased by 400%

2. 3rd largest industrial power

3. Wages decreased by 43%

MagnitogorskSteel mill city

Stalin’s Police State

Stalin’s Great TerrorQuestions to think about while reading

article:

1. What did Stalin do during his “Reign of Terror?”

2. What would Stalin’s justification be for doing this?

Stalin’s “Great Purge”

Gulag

3. Fuhrer Adolf Hitler & Germany

a. Effects of WWI on Hitler?

b. Mein Kampf while in prison

c. Nazism – a form of fascism

i. Nationalismii. anticommunistiii. Racismiv. “lebensraum”

d. March 1933 Hitler “elected” as chancellor (PM)

3. Fuhrer Adolf Hitler & Germany con’t

e. Weimar Republic replaced by the Third Reich

f. 1934: through corrupt elections, becomes president

Why was Hitler able to get such support?

4. Japana. Struggled more as

a islands?b. Military blamed

corrupt politicians c. Invasion of

Manchuria (1931)d. What does the

League of Nations do?

B. On Hitler’s terms…

1. Violates Treaty of Versailles

a) Military buildupb) Troops sent into

Rhinelandc) Signed Rome-Berlin

Axis Pact (1939)

d) League of Nations response?

C. American Neutrality: America First1. Neutrality Act of 1935

Outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war or civil war

2. Neutrality Act of 1937 Sales of nonmilitary

supplies on a “cash-and-carry” basis only

3. Neutrality Act of 1939 Cash-and-carry any

supplies

4. Lend and Lease (1941) No cash necessary! Bases in Caribbean

D. The Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)

a. Agreement between Stalin and Hitler

b. Hitler’s goal: avoid a two-front war

c. Secret deal: divide Poland between the two countries

d. By June ‘41, Hitler turns on Stalin (Operation Barbarossa)

E. The Munich Crisis1. Munich Pact

(1938)a. “trio,” France,

GB, Germanyb. Sudentlands

given to Hitler

2. Winston Churchill & appeasement –giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

3. What does he do next?

4. Invade the rest of Czechoslovakia

Munich Conference (1938)

Chamberlain, Dalider, Hitler, Mussolini

Winston Churchill; PM of GBElected in 1940

Winston Churchill was named TIME's Man of the Year in 1940 and 1949

"An appeaser is one who feeds a

crocodile — hoping it will eat him last."

— Winston Churchill

                            

                        

F. Hitler Demands Danzig, Poland1. Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler

invades Poland

2. Sept. 3, 1939: France & GB declares war on Germany; the war has begun!

3. Blitzkrieg-lightning war; surprise, nonstop attacks

Mussolini invades ____ (1935)

League of Nations response?

G. United States “Involvement”

1. Selective Service Act (‘40)

2. FDR’s Four Freedoms (1/’41)

Speech, Worship, from want, from fear = democracy

3. Atlantic Charter (8/’41)

a. Vision for postwar peaceb. Trade, disarmament,

end territorial seizures

Hitler’s conquests

“Phony War/Sietzkrieg”

a. After Poland invasion nothing happened for the next few months

b. Hitler goes around the Maginot Line through the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

The Miracle at Dunkirk (May 1940)

1. Allied forces trapped in Belgium; escaped to GB

2. > 330,000 troops saved

3. For unknown reasons, Hitler German forces to stop

4. Allows Allied troops to regroup and evacuate

Battle of Britain (July 1940)

1. Luftwaffe vs. Royal Air Force (RAF)

2. Technology that helped RAF win?

3. RADAR; could see in the dark

4. Hitler calls off invasion of Britain

       

        

December 7, 1941 use only first clip

Japan Attacks the U.S.

1. Japan’s goal to expand throughout

East Asia, to include pacific islands

2. US responds to Japanese expansion of China w/ oil embargo

3. US deciphers military code re: attack but have no details where attack will take place.

The Home Front

A. Families in Wartime

1. Increase in:a) Income

b) Marriages/Divorce

c) Delinquency

d) Child/health care

e) Turnover rates

2. End of war and return of the men?

B. Internment of Japanese Americans

1. Executive order #9066

2. Korematsu v. United States

C. Double “V” Campaign1. Victory at home and

abroad

2. Rallied for fair employment = FDR #8802 banned discrimination in workplace

3. Race riots

4. CORE/NNACPa. Membership increases

b. Nonviolent, civil disobedient, sit-ins

D. Zoot-Suit Riots

1. Suits = defiance & lack of patriotism

2. After riots, wearing suits a crime in LA

3. Mex-Amer feared internment

E. “The Good War”

1. Life at home is good

2. Jobs plenty

3. Music, movies, comic books , fashion all support war efforts

F. Isolationism

1. For and against isolationisma. Fight for Freedom Committee?

b. America First Committee?

c. Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies?

Men and Women in Uniform

A. Creating the Armed Forces

1. Selective Service Act 1940?

2. 50% high school grad

3. 10% college grad

B. Women in the Military

B. Women in the Military

1. The gooda. More edu

b. Pilots/nurses

2. The bada. Men thought of

them as prostitutes

b. Gay

c. More restrictions

The World at War

European and Pacific fronts

The Fall of France May 10- June 25, 1940

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/wwtwo_map_fall_france/index_embed.shtml

The War in Europe The Allies remained on the defensive during the first years of the war, but by 1943 the British and Americans, with an almost endless supply of resources, had turned the tide.

A. Operation Stalingrad (July ’42 – Feb ’43*)

1. Natural resources, industrial city, on the river

2. Scorch and burn strategy

3. Turning point for Allies

4. 6 summer weeks turns into 6 siberian winter months

Nazis

Soviet w/German POW

Captured of German Soldiers

Soviet Military

B. Operation Torch (Nov. ’42)

C. Operation Overlord/D-DayJune 6, 1944

Gen. Eisenhower with D-Day troops; unconditional surrender!

D. Battle of the Bulge/Ardennes

(Dec. 44-Jan.45)

1. Last offensive attack by Germany

2. Germany never recoups

3. Largest # of men served/worst casualties for Allies

E. Gen. Dwight Eisenhower

1. Supreme Commander of Europe

a. Operation Torch

b. D-Day

c. V-E Day

On to the Pacific!

                                      

Places of Conflict

F. The Pacific & Island Hopping

1. Battle of Midway: “payback” for P.H. (Jun ’42)

a. Japan w/largest fleet ever ensemble; 110 ship

b. Allies outnumbered 4/1c. Japan never recoversd. Safeguard Hawaii and

communications

2. Iwo Jima: refueling and bombing Japan2. Iwo Jima: refueling and bombing Japan

3. Battle of Okinawa (4/’45)

a. Last major battle in the pacific

b. More men than in D-Day

c. Worst US casualties in the Pacific

kamikaze

77

The Last Stages of War

The Holocaust: The systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews

A. Holocaust

1. Nuremberg Laws

2. Kristallnacht: crystal night (1938)

3. Final solution = genocide

*A. German Forces

1. Schutzstaffel (SS): started as Hitler’s bodyguards. (Himmler)

2. Gestapo: the Secret State police (Goering)

3. German army

Hitler’s top men… Goering Himmler Goebbels

Commander SS Leader Minister of Luftwaffe Propaganda

*Gestapo controlled concentration camps; <half of those who died here are shown

*C. Where can the Jews go?(1933)

1. Refugee problem…a. Quotas on immigrants

b. National Origins Act of 1929; limited immigration to 150,000 in U.S.

2. U.S., depression, refugees… How are these connected?

*D. The Final Solution: Genocide

1. The condemned: Jews and any other seen as undesirable

a. Political opponents – communists, socialistb. Religious groupsc. Homosexualsd. Disabled; mentally, physically

2. Method a. Shot in cold bloodb. starved ghettosc. sent to labor/concentration campsd. Used for medical experiments

Holocaust Victims1939-1945

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

jews soviets poles disabled

East

*E. Concentration Camps

Jewish Ghetto

To the right, slave laborTo the left, gas chamber

*F. Death Marches

B. Yalta Conference(Feb. 4, 1945)

1. Agreed to:a. “Spheres of influence”

b. Membership terms for United Nation

c. Stalin agrees to enter Pacific front

d. Soviet troops can stay in occupied lands but no building of “empire” in Eastern Europe

e. Division of Germany and Berlin

C. FDR Passes awayApril 12, 1945

D. Potsdam Conference (6/’45)

1. Unconditional surrender of Japan

2. Stalin to enter Aug. 8, ‘45

Truman, Attlee and Stalin

E. Manhattan Project: To drop or not to drop the bomb…

1. No need to invade Japan

2. Lives of American troops saved

3. Would bring an end to the war more rapidly

4. Would stop the Soviet Union from entering war and possibly taking over lands in the region

Oppenheimer

US sites important to Manhattan Project

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

F. Nuremberg War TrialsTrials of Nazi leaders at Nuremberg, Germany

****************************************************************************Do not cover: Operation Barbarossa June 1941

1. Making advances early on

2. Industrial city

3. winter

Dresden (Feb. 1945)

1. Civilian city

2. Communication center

3. Destroys moral and economy

4. Luftwaffe lose many airplanes