Chapter 35 America in World War II, 1941–1945. Chapter 35 Learning Objectives After mastering this...
If you can't read please download the document
Chapter 35 America in World War II, 1941–1945. Chapter 35 Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: 1.Indicate how America
Chapter 35 Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter,
you should be able to: 1.Indicate how America reacted to Pearl
Harbor and prepared to wage war against both Germany and Japan.
2.Describe the mobilization of the American economy for war and the
mobilization of manpower and womanpower for both the military and
wartime production. 3.Describe the wars effects on American
society, to include regional migration, race relations, and womens
roles. 4.Explain the early Japanese successes in East Asia and the
Pacific, and the American strategy for countering them. 5.Describe
the early Allied invasion o North Africa and Italy, the strategic
tensions with the Soviet Union over the Second Front And the
invasion of Normandy in 1944. 6.Discuss FDRs successful 1944
campaign against Thomas Dewey for a fourth term and his
controversial choice of a new vice president. 7.Explain the final
military efforts that brought Allied victory in Europe and Asia and
the significance of the atomic bomb.
Slide 3
Invasion of the Soviet Union It was then that Hitler made his
pivotal mistake. He invaded the Soviet Union. The obliteration of
Bolshevism was a key element of Hitlers ideology; however, it was a
gigantic military mistake. On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched
Operation Barbarossa, consisting of an attack army of 4 million men
spread out along a 2,000-mile front in three massive offensives.
The German army quickly advanced, but at a terrifying cost. For the
next three years, 90 percent of German deaths would happen on the
eastern front.
Slide 4
The Big Three Great Britain (Winston Churchill) The U.S. (FDR)
The Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) Strategies for War Defeat Germany
first The Grand Alliance
Slide 5
I. The Allies Trade Space for Time After the bombing of Pearl
Harbor, America goes from Isolationist to working to win the war
FDR went with idea of beat Germany first then into the Pacific
America had to mobilize quickly on two fronts (Against Germany and
Japan)
Slide 6
II. The Shock of War The war effort required all of Americas
huge productive capacity and full employment of the workforce.
Government expenditures soared. U.S. budget increases 1940 $9
million 1944 $100 million Expenditures in WWII greater than all
previous government budgets combined (150 years) GNP 1939 91
billion 1945 166 million
Slide 7
III. Building the War Machine The war effort required all of
Americas huge productive capacity and full employment of the
workforce. Government expenditures soared. U.S. budget increases
1940 $9 million 1944 $100 million Expenditures in WWII greater than
all previous government budgets combined (150 years) GNP 1939 91
billion 1945 166 million
Slide 8
VI. Holding the Home Front Restoration of U.S. Prosperity World
War II ended the Great Depression. Factories run at full capacity
Ford Motor Company one bomber plane per hour People save money
(rationing) Army bases in South provide economic boom (most bases
in South b/c of climate) The national debt grew to $260 billion (6
times its size on Dec. 7, 1941)
Slide 9
Gloomy Prospects for the Allied Powers By the end of 1942, the
Allies faced defeat. The chain of spectacular victories disguised
fatal weaknesses within the Axis alliance: Japan and Germany fought
separate wars, each on two fronts. They never coordinated
strategies. The early defeats also obscured the Allies strengths:
The manpower of the Soviet Union and the productive capacity of the
United States.
Slide 10
p800 Campaign Against the Japanese, Hollywood, California, 1923
Long
Slide 11
p801 Japanese American Evacuees, 1942 After the U.S. Armys
Western Defense Command ordered the forced evacuation of
Slide 12
p801 Three Boys at Manzanar, by Toyo Miyatake (18951979)
Miyatake was an acclaimed Japanese American photographer with his
own studio in Los Angeles before he and his family were evacuated
to the Manzanar internment camp. He was determined to pursue his
craft there, at first working secretly and then with the knowledge
of the authorities. His pictures are the only photographic records
of daily camp life taken by an internee. The guards allowed him to
step outside the barbed-wire fence to take this photograph.
Slide 13
p802 Anti-Japanese Poster, World War II Government propaganda
during the war exploited racial stereotypes, often depicting
Japanese people with big teeth and poor vision.
Slide 14
p803 The Four Freedoms, by Norman Rockwell In his January 6,
1941, speech to Congress requesting lend-lease aid to the Allies,
President Roosevelt spoke eloquently of the four freedoms then
threatened by Nazi and Japanese aggression. They are here given
pictorial representation by Norman Rockwell, probably the most
popular and best loved American artist of the time.
Slide 15
p804 War Workers More than 6 million womenmore than 3 million
of them Homemakers who had never before worked for wagesentered the
work force during World War II. In contrast to the experience of
women workers in World War I, many of these newly employed women
continued as wage workers after the war ended. IV. Manpower and
Womanpower
Slide 16
p804 War Workers More than 6 million womenmore than 3 million
of them Homemakers who had never before worked for wagesentered the
work force during World War II. In contrast to the experience of
women workers in World War I, many of these newly employed women
continued as wage workers after the war ended.
Slide 17
Map 35-1 p805 Internal Migration in the United States During
World War II Few events in American history have moved the American
people about so massively as World War II. The West and the South
boomed, and several war-industry cities grew explosively. A
majority of migrants from the South were blacks; 1.6 million
African Americans left the region in the 1940s. (Source: United
States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.) V. Wartime
Migrations
Slide 18
The Pacific Theater Within 6 months of Pearl Harbor, Japan had
a new empire. Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere Japanese
racial purity and supremacy Treated Chinese and Koreans with
brutality. Rape of Nanjing- Japanese slaughtered at least 100,000
civilians and raped thousands of women in the Chinese capital
between Dec. 1937 and Feb. 1938. Could have consolidated victory
disease After Pearl Harbor, American military leaders focused on
halting the Japanese advance and mobilizing the whole nation for
war.
Slide 19
The Pacific Theater: Early Battles American Forces halted the
Japanese advances in two decisive naval battles. Coral Sea (May
1942) U.S. stopped a fleet convoying Japanese troops to New Guinea
Japanese designs on Australia ended Midway (June 1942) Japanese
Admiral Yamamoto hoped to capture Midway Island as a base to attack
Pearl Harbor again U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese
by surprise and sank 3 of the 4 aircraft carriers, 332 planes, and
3500 men. American cryptanalysts VIII. Japans High Tide at
Midway
Slide 20
p806 Segregation in the Military A white officer reviews the
99th Pursuit Squadron, the famed Tuskegee Airmen. They flew more
than sixteen hundred fighter-support missions in North Africa and
compiled an outstanding record, never losing a bomber to enemy
aircraft. But these fliers were among the few African Americans who
saw combat duty in World War II, when a still strictly segregated
military assigned most blacks to construction, longshoreman, and
mess-hall service.
Slide 21
p806 Navajo Code Talkers, 1943 One of the best-kept secrets of
World War II was the use of the Navajo language in a Marine Corps
code designed to confuse the Japanese. Two marines in the
leatherneck unit made up of Native Americans from Arizona and New
Mexico transmitted in code during the battle for Bougainville
Island in the South Pacific in 1943.
Slide 22
p807 Let John Henry Go This image from the cover of the
National Urban Leagues publication Opportunity reflects the rising
militancy of African Americans in the World War II era. That
militancy helped to energize the civil rights movement in the
postwar years.
Slide 23
VII. The Rising Sun in the Pacific Importance of Midway The
Japanese defeat at Midway was the turning point in the Pacific.
Japanese advances stopped. U.S. assumes initiative. Japanese have
shortage of able pilots. Censorship and Propaganda News of the
defeat was kept from the Japanese public.
Slide 24
Figure 35-1 p808 Figure 35.1 The National Debt, 19301950
Contrary to much popular mythology, it was World War II, not the
New Deal, that first ballooned the national debt. The debt
accumulated to still greater amounts in the 1980s and 1990s, and
exploded with the onset of the Great Recession
Slide 25
The Turn of the Tide in Europe Defeat of the Axis Powers The
turning point of the war came in 1942-43. Allied victory in North
Africa was followed by an invasion of Italy, which stopped the Axis
powers string of victories. The decisive theater of war, however,
was the eastern front.
Slide 26
Map 35-2 p809
Slide 27
p809
Slide 28
X. The Allied Halting of Hitler Turning Points of the War: The
Battle of Stalingrad The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point
of the war. The German Army (Wehrmacht) had already lost 2 million
men on the eastern front. In 1942-43, a German army of over 300,000
was defeated and captured at the Battle of Stalingrad. The Germans
then lost the battle of Kursk and began a long retreat. The Red
Army crossed into Poland in January 1944.
Slide 29
Map 35-3 p811 United States Thrusts in the Pacific, 19421945
American strategists had to choose among four proposed plans for
waging the war against Japan: 1. Defeating the Japanese in China by
funneling supplies over the Himalayan hump from India. 2. Carrying
the war into Southeast Asia (a proposal much favored by the
British, who could thus regain Singapore). 3. Heavy bombing of
Japan from Chinese air bases. 4. Island hopping from the South
Pacific to within striking distance of the Japanese home islands.
This strategy, favored by General Douglas MacArthur, was the one
finally emphasized. IX. American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
Slide 30
XI. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome Turning Points of
the War: Western Front Operation Torch (1943) Allied victory in
North Africa and invasion of Italy. Sicily Then to Rome Pattons
initiative quickly defeated the Italians and the German by taking
Massena and Palermo
Slide 31
p812 Women at War Members of the Womens Army Corps disembark in
North Africa in 1944. (Note: Auxillary was dropped from the name in
1943.)
Slide 32
p813 The Big Two British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt meet at the Casablanca
conference in Morocco, January 1943. The two leaders had a
remarkable personal relationship that shaped the outcome of World
War II and the course of history. They met in person nine times
over the course of the war. It is fun to be in the same decade with
you, FDR cabled to Churchill after one of their meetings. As for
Churchill, who was desperate for American aid in the struggle
against Hitler, he once commented that No lover ever studied the
whims of his mistress as I did those of Franklin Roosevelt.
Slide 33
XII. D-Day: June 6, 1944 D-Day: Operation Overlord The Allied
needed to establish a second front. General Dwight Eisenhower
launched an invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. An invasion fleet
of some 4,000 ships and 150,000 men (57,000 U.S.) Invasion
successful. 5,000 killed and wounded Allied troops. It allowed them
to gain a foothold on the continent from which they could push
Germany back.
Slide 34
p814 Allies Landing in Normandy, June 6, 1944 Nine-foot ocean
swells on invasion day made loading the assault landing craft, such
as the one pictured here, treacherous business. Many men were
injured or tossed into the sea as the bathtub like amphibious
vessels bobbed wildly up and down alongside the troop transports.
As the vulnerable boats churned toward the beach, some officers led
their tense, grim-faced troops in prayer. One major, recalling the
remarkable Battle of Agincourt in 1415, quoted from Shakespeares
Henry V: He that outlives this day, and comes safe home / Will
stand a tip-toe when this day is named.
Slide 35
XIII. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 XIV. Roosevelt Defeats
Dewey Unprecedented 4 th Term Roosevelt will Not live to see The
end of the war He dies April 12 1945
Slide 36
Map 35-4 p815 World War II in Europe and North Africa,
19391945
Slide 37
XV. The Last Days of Hitler Race to Berlin D-Day was the
turning point of the western front. Stalingrad was the turning
point of the eastern front. The British, U.S., and Free French
armies began to press into western Germany as the Soviets invaded
eastern Germany. Both sides raced to Berlin.
Slide 38
p816 American and Soviet Soldiers Meet in Germany, 1945 Such
friendly sights soon became rare as mutual suspicion deepened.
Slide 39
Map 35-5 p816 Battle of the Bulge, December 1944January
1945
Slide 40
p818 Victory in Europe Mussolini was captured and killed by
Italian partisans and Hitler committed suicide in April 1945, as
the Russian troops took Berlin. Germany surrendered unconditionally
on May 7, 1945 (V-E Day). Fighting in the Pacific would continue
until August.
Slide 41
p818 The Horror of the Holocaust Although the outside world had
some knowledge of the Nazi death camps before the wars end, the
full revelation of Hitlers atrocities as the Allies overran Germany
in the spring of 1945 stunned and sickened the invading troops. At
General Eisenhowers orders, German civilians were compelled to view
the evidence of the Nazi regimes genocidal crimes though these
witnesses at Buchenwald tried to look the other way, as many had
done during the war itself.
Slide 42
XVI. Japan Dies Hard The Beginning of the End in the Pacific
Yamamoto is assassinated by the U.S. (April 1943) Loss of Saipan
(August 1944) the naval and military heart and brain of Japanese
defense strategy Political crisis in Japan The government could no
longer hide the fact that they were losing the war. Tj resigns on
July 18, 1944 Intensive air raids over Japan Iwo Jima (February,
1945) American marines invaded this island, which was needed to
provide fighter escort for bombings over Japan
Slide 43
p819 The Flag Raising at Iwo Jima Atop Mount Suribachi, press
photographer Joe Rosenthal snapped this dramatic picture, probably
the most famous of the war.
Slide 44
XVII. The Atomic Bombs August 6, 1945 Enola Gay drops bomb on
Hiroshima 140,000 dead; tens of thousands injured; radiation
sickness; 80% of buildings destroyed August 9, 1945 Nagasaki 70,000
dead; 60,000 injured Emperor Hirohito surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945.
(V-J Day) Formal surrender signed on September 2 onboard the
battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay
Slide 45
p820 Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945 The almost incomprehensibly
destructive power of historys first atomic bomb is vividly evident
in this photograph. The single bomb killed an estimated 130,000
Japanese, many of whom succumbed months after the blast to
agonizing deaths from exposure to radiation.
Slide 46
p821 The Japanese Surrender Representatives of the Japanese
government arrived to sign the surrender document on the deck of
the battleship Missouri in Tokyo harbor, September 2, 1945. General
Douglas MacArthur then made a conciliatory address, expressing hope
that from this solemn occasion a better world shall emerge... A
world founded on faith and understanding. A Japanese diplomat
attending wondered whether it would have been possible for us, had
we been victorious, to embrace the vanquished with a similar
magnanimity. Soon thereafter General MacArthur took up his duties
as director of the U.S. occupation of Japan.
Slide 47
XVIII. The Allies Triumphant Cost of War Germany- 3 million
combat deaths (3/4ths on the eastern front) Japan over 1.5 combat
deaths; 900,000 civilians dead Soviet Union - 13 million combat
deaths U.S. 300,000 combat deaths, over 100,000 other deaths When
you include all combat and civilian deaths, World War II becomes
the most destructive war in history with estimates as high as 60
million, including 25 million Russians.
Slide 48
p824 V-J Day: Crowds Cheering at Times Square, by Edward
Dancig, 1947 Russian-born American artist Edward Dancig captured
the feelings of triumph and relief that Americans felt at the end
of World War II. His painting shows the V-J (Victory in Japan) Day
celebration of August 15, 1945, in New Yorks Times Square.