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CHAPTER 35

FDR slowlyFDR slowlyTurns into “Dr. Win theTurns into “Dr. Win the

War”War”

Town Shelter 1.2a• This is a 1923 lithograph depicting the immense

poverty of Post WWI Germany• Destroyed by the Versailles treaty

– Given total blame– Gave up territory– Had to repay $32 billion in reparations

• Dawes plan convinces Germany to print way toomuch money– 1914 $1 = 4.2 Marks– 1923 $1 = 1 billion Marks– 1 glass of beer is 4 million Marks

If you have to issue 5 BillionMark notes …

• Italy is also basically bankrupt• England and France can’t repay

US war loans• Germany’s Weimar Republic is

discredited for signing thetreaty

• US demands full repaymentthrough the Dawes Plan

How do I interpret this cartoon?

1. Context – whatwas happening atthe time?

2. Content – what ishappening in thecartoon?

3. Comment – whatis the meaning ofthe cartoon?

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Context – what was happening at the time?• Germany had just been defeated

in WWI.

• The Treaty of Versailles wassigned in1919.

• It had been written by the ‘BigThree’ and imposed onGermany.

• Clemenceau wanted to ruinGermany

• The Treaty blamed Germanyfor the war

• The Treaty made her pay‘reparations’ for ALL thedamage.

• Germany lost lots of land.

• Germany lost her armed forces.• The Germans hated the Treaty.

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Hitler 1.2B• Born 1889 Austrian

lower class• WWI hero Iron cross

medal winner--disgustedby the peace

• Failed artist• Skilled orator, comes to

the attention of theNational socialistGerman Workers Party(NAZI)

Hitler Ruined

• A moustache• A first name• A salute

But he did engender some great drinkingsongs

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• 1928-1929 NAZI’s gain seats in the Reichstag,Hitler imprisoned and writes Mien Kampf

• 1932 NAZI’s are the dominant party by vilifyingCommunists and Jews. Hitler elected Chancellor.Has his Brown-Shirts set fire to the Reichstag--blames the commies and declares marshal law.

• 1934 Hitler declares himself Fuehrer, andproclaims the 3rd Reich.

• 1935, Germany is a fascist totalitarian state.• 1935 the Nuremberg Law denying Jews all rights.• Kristallnacht: “night of broken glass”. 30,000

Jews arrested, 100’s killed, stores looted.

Why Hitler hated da Jews

US RESPONSE• FDR is too busy with his 3-R’s• Reduces army to 35,000 (15th largest in the

world)• Kellogg-Briand pact signed• 1921 Washington Naval

Conference. Charles Hughesproposed another meeting toreduce the size of navies,A.K.A. the 5 Powers

Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty• (February 6, 1922). This agreement implemented the

sweeping proposals of Hughes in somewhatmodified terms. The leading naval powers —Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States —Pledged a ten-year agreement to fix the ratio ofbattleships at 5:5:3 (but NOT cruisers, subs,destroyers). NO PROVISIONS FORENFORCEMENT, and left out Soviet Union,Germany, etc.

• The major Allied naval powers agreed on a series ofrules for the use of submarines in future warfare andalso outlawed the use of poisonous gases as amilitary weapon.

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Four-Powers Pact

• December, 1921. The major Allied powers— Britain, France, Japan and the UnitedStates — agreed to submit disputes amongthemselves over Pacific issues to aconference for resolution.

• The same Allied powers pledged mutualrespect for the possessions and mandates inthe Pacific. (Continues Root-Takahira)

Nine-Power Treaty

• (February 6, 1922). the Big Four plus Italy,Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal andChina — endorsed the Open Door Policyand pledged mutual respect for Chineseterritorial integrity and independence.

• The same Allied powers agreed to extendChinese control over trade matters withinChinese borders.

Italian Socialist Party Takes over (1.2C)

• Mussolini creates the Fascist party (this word isnow used to describe any dictator who isexpansionistic militaristically)

• He condemns democracy while creating adictatorship which uses gov’t controlledCAPITALISM to get the country going again.

• 1922--Mussolini leads a “March on Rome”against an imaginary Communist plot. The kingof Italy names him PM out of fear.

• Mussolini rescues Italy’s runaway inflation by:– putting people back to work on military weapons– Controlling prices and wages– Making the trains run on time– Building the military

• By 1936 he is the dictator of Italy• 1936, Italy attacks Ethiopia to test its new military

US RESPONSE• 1935 poll shows 90% of people regretted getting into

WWI• 3 neutrality Acts passed in “35’, “36’, ‘37”. Forbade

sale of arms to “aggressive” countries.• FDR calls for a “Moral Embargo” on Italy.

• League of nations is useless against the militaristic expansion of :– Germany– Japan– Italy

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Mussolini(“El Duquey”)

withHitler

FRANCO’S NATIONALIST PARTY TAKESOVER SPAIN (1.2D)

• Franco’s Nationalist Party starts a civil waragainst the Republican (US backed) Party

• US can’t help the Republicans because of theNeutrality Acts (internal matter)

• League of Nations is helpless• Mussolini and Hitler side with Franco.• German Luftwaffe attacks Guernica.• 1939 Franco wins & the Axis Alliance is formed:

Germany, Italy, Spain.

Picasso’s Guernica. Painted afterthe Luftwaffe bombing

US RESPONSE.• APPEASEMENT• REFUSE TO SELL ARMS TO EITHER

SIDE.• 30,000 Americans form the

Lincoln Brigade to help theRepublicans (Hemingway)

Japan’s Attacks China (1.2E)

• Worldwide depression of the 1930’s causesJapanese recession.

• Japan feels humiliated by the role they playin international affairs and their reliance onthe outside world for all raw materials.

• 1931 Japan attacks Manchuria, China• 1936 Japan joins the Axis Alliance.

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US RESPONSE

• FDR issues the Stimson Doctrine• Japan bombs Nanking and

Shanghai• 1937 FDR issues “Quarantine

Speech”. Response isoverwhelmingly negative.

• FDR backs down publicly

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m

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1936 Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles byintroducing compulsory enlistment and retaking the

Rhineland (1.2 F) U.K. PMmeets withFrance &

Germany toappease

Hitler. Hitlerpromises thisALL he will

take

March 1938 Hitler takes his homeland ofAustria, but promises that this ALL he wants.

Appeasement continues

March 1938 he takes Sudetenland (light green)from Czechoslovakia

Claims this ismostly Germanspeaking peoplewho WANT to

return to theMotherland.Says this isALL he will

take.Appeasement

continued

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Sept. 1938 the MunichConference is called.

• FDR wires the Chamberlain saying “we canwork with this man”.

• France and UK continue appeasement• Hitler promises that this is absolutely ALL

he wants

March 1939 Hitler attacks the rest ofCzechoslovakia (darker purple) 1.2G

Aug. 1939 Hitler & Stalin (Russia) sign a Non-AggressionPact. They temporarily put aside their personal hatred to

mutually divide poor Poland

Responses

• France declares war• UK declares war• FDR announces new “Cash and Carry”

policy• America First attacks FDR’s policy as he

tries to get America into this war againstoverwhelming isolationist feelings in US

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Axis and Allies

Slide 1.2 H Blitzkrieg & responses• 1940 Hitler takes

– Norway– Sweden– Belgium– Netherlands– France

• Only loss is aerial “Battle of Britain”• Churchill takes over UK• Signs Atlantic Charter with FDR (14 pts redone)• Policy of Lend-Lease created by FDR results in:

– Robin Moor sunk by German U-Boat– USS Reuben James sunk by German U-Boat– USS Kearney sunk by German U-Boat

Dec. 7th 1941 Pearl Harbor• 8 destroyers

sunk• 10 others

damaged• 188 airplanes

destroyed• 2300 Americans

killed

• Germany knowsthe US is notknocked out, buthopes it will takethem awhile toregroup

• So……

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Hitler makes HUGE error 1941he attacks the “Sleeping Bear”

US has to justify being allied to RUSSIA