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Chapter 34
The Autonomic Nervous System
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Autonomic Nervous System
Includes two neurotransmitters Norepinephrine and acetylcholine
Two branches1. Sympathetic
Adrenergic nervous system
2. Parasympathetic Cholinergic
(continues)
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Nerve Impulse Transmission
(continued)
1. Neurotransmitter (NT) is synthesized from substances that enter or may enter neuron in intact form.
2. Neurotransmitter is stored in storage vesicles.3. When neuron is stimulated, some storage vesicles fuse with neuron cell membranes and4. discharge neurotransmitter into the synaptic space.5. Some neurotransmitter diffuses to the receptor in the effector cell and produces a cell
response.6. Neurotransmitter remaining in the synaptic space is either degraded by enzymes (e.g.,
monoamine oxidase) or7. it reenters the neuron and is again stored by storage vesicles.Numbered list
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Stimulates vital organs Suppresses nonvital body functions Signs of stimulation of the SNS
Pupil dilation Bronchiole dilation Increased rate and force of contraction Blood vessel dilation in muscle tissue Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Autonomic Nervous System Agents
Sympathetic nervous system receptors Alpha
Found in smooth muscle tissue of peripheral blood vessels and in the sphincters of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary system
Beta Found mainly in the heart, lungs, and brain
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
One neurotransmitter Acetylcholine
Conserves energy Promotes nutrient use
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Drugs Affecting the ANS
Sympathomimetic: adrenergic drugs Stimulate the system
Sympatholytic: adrenergic blocking drugs
Block alpha and beta receptors
(continues)
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Drugs Affecting the ANS
Parasympathomimetic: cholinergic drugs Mimic the PNS
Parasympatholytic: anticholinergic drugs Block acetylcholine receptors
(continued)
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Adrenergic Blockers
Treat Hypertension Migraine headache
Side effects/adverse effects Hypotension Dizziness
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Adrenergic Blockers: Geriatric Considerations
Increase sensitivity to adrenergic drugs Monitor for:
Chest pain Palpitations Blurred vision Headache Seizures Hallucinations
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Cholinergics
Stimulate the PNS Treat
Conditions with poor muscular contraction Neurogenic bladder Glaucoma Cardiac arrhythmias
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Cholinergics: Geriatric Considerations
Increase sensitivity to cholinergic drugs Monitor for:
Diarrhea Increased bronchoconstriction Increased bronchial secretions Increased lacrimation Blurred vision
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Anticholinergics
Action Decrease gastrointestinal and respiratory
secretions Dilate bronchioles Dilate pupils
Treat Nausea Urinary incontinence Overactive bladder
Copyright 2007 Thomson Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
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Anticholinergics: Geriatric Considerations
Increase sensitivity to anticholinergic drugs
Hyperthermia Urinary retention Decreased appetite
