Chapter 34Chapter 34

Rebirth and Rebirth and Revolution: Revolution:

Nation-building Nation-building in East Asia and in East Asia and the Pacific Rimthe Pacific Rim

Post-WWII ConditionsPost-WWII Conditions

• Japan= devastated by war, occupied by Japan= devastated by war, occupied by the US, facing disease, homelessness etc.the US, facing disease, homelessness etc.

• China= prolonged civil war; Communists China= prolonged civil war; Communists finally win in 1949.finally win in 1949.

• Pacific Rim (Japan, Korea, Singapore, Pacific Rim (Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Malaysia) began as Taiwan, Thailand and Malaysia) began as developing nations and became the major developing nations and became the major political and economic players in the area political and economic players in the area in the 21in the 21stst century. century.

The Pacific RimThe Pacific Rim

East Asia: New Divisions and East Asia: New Divisions and the End of Empiresthe End of Empires

• Things did not a follow a set pattern as in Things did not a follow a set pattern as in other areas other areas

• Colonial powers restore orderColonial powers restore order– Maintain holding in Vietnam, Malaya, IndonesiaMaintain holding in Vietnam, Malaya, Indonesia

• Cold War impacts regionCold War impacts region– Korea divided into communist north, non-Korea divided into communist north, non-

communist southcommunist south– Taiwan given to Nationalist (Guomindang)Taiwan given to Nationalist (Guomindang)– US regains the PhilippinesUS regains the Philippines

Japanese RecoveryJapanese Recovery• Recovers quickly from the Recovers quickly from the

devastation of WWII. US devastation of WWII. US occupies until 1952.occupies until 1952.

• Social ChangesSocial Changes– Military disbanded, civil liberties Military disbanded, civil liberties

extended, social services begin, extended, social services begin, meritocratic education systemmeritocratic education system

• Economic ChangesEconomic Changes– Unions encouraged, landed Unions encouraged, landed

estates divided, estates divided, zaibatsuzaibatsu dissolveddissolved

• Political ChangesPolitical Changes– Democratization (role of emperor Democratization (role of emperor

diminished), women obtain the diminished), women obtain the vote, constitution written, vote, constitution written, parliamentary system parliamentary system established, Liberal Democratic established, Liberal Democratic Party dominatesParty dominates

US General Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito

Korea: Intervention and WarKorea: Intervention and War

• South KoreaSouth Korea– Develops parliamentary institutions under an Develops parliamentary institutions under an

authoritarian ruler (Syngman Rhee)authoritarian ruler (Syngman Rhee)– Invades by North Korea in 1950, aided by USInvades by North Korea in 1950, aided by US– Korean War ends in stalemate; today S. Korea is an ally Korean War ends in stalemate; today S. Korea is an ally

of the US, though under authoritarian military officersof the US, though under authoritarian military officers

• North KoreaNorth Korea– Communist state based on Stalinist principles ruled by Communist state based on Stalinist principles ruled by

Kim Il-Sung until 1994 Kim Il-Sung until 1994 – Invades South Korea in 1950, aided by ChinaInvades South Korea in 1950, aided by China– Today, its an isolated, dictatorial regime under the rule Today, its an isolated, dictatorial regime under the rule

of Kim-Jung-Ilof Kim-Jung-Il

Taiwan, Hong Kong & Taiwan, Hong Kong & SingaporeSingapore • TaiwanTaiwan

– Nationalist army defeated by Nationalist army defeated by Communists and fall back to Communists and fall back to Taiwan.Taiwan.

– China imposed authoritarian China imposed authoritarian rule, but US worked to support rule, but US worked to support TaiwanTaiwan

– Has achieved economic Has achieved economic prosperity despite political prosperity despite political tensionstensions

• Hong KongHong Kong– Remains under British control Remains under British control

until 1997, when it returns to until 1997, when it returns to ChinaChina

– A vigorous and thriving A vigorous and thriving economy; hub of many Western economy; hub of many Western businesses and tourismbusinesses and tourism

• SingaporeSingapore– Gained independence in 1965; Gained independence in 1965;

home to a thriving port societyhome to a thriving port society

Hong Kong today

Japan, Inc.: Japan’s Political Japan, Inc.: Japan’s Political and Cultural Styleand Cultural Style• PoliticsPolitics

– LDP remains dominant until LDP remains dominant until 1993, when corruption charges 1993, when corruption charges raised doubts about the partyraised doubts about the party

– Defined by close cooperation Defined by close cooperation between business and political between business and political interestsinterests

– Remained oligarchic and elite, Remained oligarchic and elite, despite a more democratic despite a more democratic systemsystem

• CultureCulture– Tradition persisted and Tradition persisted and

elements of Japanese culture elements of Japanese culture remained (tea ceremony, remained (tea ceremony, poetry, theater etc.)poetry, theater etc.)

– New artistic styles (movies, New artistic styles (movies, novels) recalled previous eras novels) recalled previous eras while others (music) combined while others (music) combined Japanese and Western stylesJapanese and Western styles

– Style remained distinctly Style remained distinctly Japanese, with little impact on Japanese, with little impact on world culture.world culture.

Modern Japanese women in traditional kimonos

Japanese women wearing blonde Japanese women wearing blonde wigs take part in a promotional wigs take part in a promotional event in Tokyo.event in Tokyo.

• About 300 Japanese women About 300 Japanese women in identical blonde wigs took in identical blonde wigs took part in the event before part in the event before throwing the wigs in the air throwing the wigs in the air to debunk the stereotypical to debunk the stereotypical western concept of beauty western concept of beauty and being urged to develop and being urged to develop their own beauty ideal.their own beauty ideal.

Japan’s Economic SurgeJapan’s Economic Surge• Rapid economic growth Rapid economic growth makes Japan a world economicmakes Japan a world economic power by the end of the power by the end of the 2020thth century. century. • WHY?WHY?

– Active government encouragementActive government encouragement– Educational expansionEducational expansion– Distinctive labor policiesDistinctive labor policies– Group-oriented social conscious/management styleGroup-oriented social conscious/management style– Traditional family styles that resist Western patternsTraditional family styles that resist Western patterns– Pop culture grew and adapted to many Western stylesPop culture grew and adapted to many Western styles

The Pacific RimThe Pacific Rim

• Other countries mirror Japan's growth, Other countries mirror Japan's growth, including Korea and Taiwanincluding Korea and Taiwan

The Korean MiracleThe Korean Miracle

• Political ChangePolitical Change– The military government was removed in the 1980’s—replaced The military government was removed in the 1980’s—replaced

by a conservative gov’t that allowed limited participation and by a conservative gov’t that allowed limited participation and press freedompress freedom

• Economic changeEconomic change– The economy became the focus of the gov’t after 1950, which The economy became the focus of the gov’t after 1950, which

aided through growth of huge firms (Hyundai) by partnering aided through growth of huge firms (Hyundai) by partnering with private entrepreneurswith private entrepreneurs

– Consumer goods dominated, and steel, cars and textiles were Consumer goods dominated, and steel, cars and textiles were also producedalso produced

• ImpactImpact– Huge population growth leads to high population density and Huge population growth leads to high population density and

gov’t controls on birth ratesgov’t controls on birth rates– Environmental damage creates a hothouse climateEnvironmental damage creates a hothouse climate– Massive disparity between rich and poorMassive disparity between rich and poor

Advances in Taiwan (Republic Advances in Taiwan (Republic of China) and Singaporeof China) and Singapore• Political ChangePolitical Change

– Chiang Kai-shek and later, his son rule Taiwan until 1978. Chiang Kai-shek and later, his son rule Taiwan until 1978. Gov’t remains stable through transition and even after the US Gov’t remains stable through transition and even after the US recognizes China’s rulerecognizes China’s rule

– Lee Kuan rules Singapore for three decades after 1965Lee Kuan rules Singapore for three decades after 1965– Both groups held tight control of the government and Both groups held tight control of the government and

suppressed oppositionsuppressed opposition• Economic changeEconomic change

– In Taiwan, successful trade contacts were created around the In Taiwan, successful trade contacts were created around the world, including Beijing. Gov’t poured aid into rapidly world, including Beijing. Gov’t poured aid into rapidly stimulating the economy and agriculture, which resulted in stimulating the economy and agriculture, which resulted in huge gains. huge gains.

– Singapore continued to grow as well as per capita incomeSingapore continued to grow as well as per capita income– Hong Kong also became a center for world trade and bankingHong Kong also became a center for world trade and banking

• ImpactImpact– All areas became important links in the international trade All areas became important links in the international trade

chainchain– Each area is vital to the US economy for exports as well as Each area is vital to the US economy for exports as well as

investment capitalinvestment capital

US Policy: The Pacific RimUS Policy: The Pacific Rim

• While the US supported the growth of While the US supported the growth of Pacific Rim economies to hold off Pacific Rim economies to hold off communism, their rapidly growing communism, their rapidly growing economies posed a serious threat to the economies posed a serious threat to the US economyUS economy

• The issue: created an unfavorable balance The issue: created an unfavorable balance of tradeof trade

• Options: Imitation of Pacific Rim policies Options: Imitation of Pacific Rim policies OR antagonistic policy (tariffs etc.)OR antagonistic policy (tariffs etc.)

Common Themes and New Common Themes and New ProblemsProblems

• CommonalitiesCommonalities– Group loyalty over Group loyalty over

individualsindividuals– Emphasized hard workEmphasized hard work– Confucian moralityConfucian morality– All were very dynamicAll were very dynamic– All benefited from All benefited from

Japan’s rapid growthJapan’s rapid growth• ProblemsProblems

– Growth lessened by the Growth lessened by the end of the 20end of the 20thth century century

– Currencies declined Currencies declined – Unemployment grewUnemployment grew– Policies problems Policies problems

impeded economic impeded economic growthgrowth

– Some governments Some governments would not switch to fee-would not switch to fee-market capitalismmarket capitalism

China: Mao and BeyondChina: Mao and Beyond

• Civil War of the 1930’sCivil War of the 1930’s– Nationalists had the advantage at first, Nationalists had the advantage at first,

but the war with Japan strengthened the but the war with Japan strengthened the Communist positionCommunist position

– Communists achieved victory by 1949, Communists achieved victory by 1949, in large part b/c they had widespread in large part b/c they had widespread support among the peasantry, who liked support among the peasantry, who liked Communist policies (land reform, Communist policies (land reform, education for the masses and health education for the masses and health care) care)

Communists Come to PowerCommunists Come to Power

• Civil war had created a strong political framework Civil war had created a strong political framework based on the military organization of the People’s based on the military organization of the People’s Liberation ArmyLiberation Army

• This strength was used to assert dominance in This strength was used to assert dominance in the areathe area– Secessionist movement Secessionist movement suppressed in Mongoliasuppressed in Mongoliaand Tibetand Tibet– Intervention in theIntervention in the Korean and Vietnam WarsKorean and Vietnam Wars– Periodic invasionsPeriodic invasionsof Taiwanof Taiwan

Planning for Economic Growth Planning for Economic Growth and Justiceand Justice• Mao saw peasants as the group that was Mao saw peasants as the group that was

key to his reforms; therefore, they became key to his reforms; therefore, they became the backbone of his new policiesthe backbone of his new policies– Land reforms: landlords deposed and publicly Land reforms: landlords deposed and publicly

humiliated; land redistributedhumiliated; land redistributed– Five Year Plans: goal was to create massive Five Year Plans: goal was to create massive

leaps in industrial/agricultural output levelsleaps in industrial/agricultural output levels– Mass Line Approach: forms agricultural Mass Line Approach: forms agricultural

cooperativescooperatives– Elimination of the elite: landlords deposed, Elimination of the elite: landlords deposed,

humiliated and executed; intellectuals humiliated and executed; intellectuals persecuted and sent to wok on large collectives.persecuted and sent to wok on large collectives.

The Great Leap BackwardThe Great Leap Backward

• Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward– Launched in 1958, its goal was massive stimulation of the Launched in 1958, its goal was massive stimulation of the

workforce to produce incredible agricultural and industrial workforce to produce incredible agricultural and industrial outputoutput

– Characterized by collectivized farms and small, backyard Characterized by collectivized farms and small, backyard furnaces to create steelfurnaces to create steel

• Great Leap BackwardGreat Leap Backward– No incentive for peasants in collectivization; many rebelledNo incentive for peasants in collectivization; many rebelled– Emphasis on backyard steel production produced millions of Emphasis on backyard steel production produced millions of

pounds of useless, weak metalpounds of useless, weak metal– Though people ignored harvest to make steel, Mao did not Though people ignored harvest to make steel, Mao did not

lower quotas, resulting in a devastating famine that killed lower quotas, resulting in a devastating famine that killed millionsmillions

““Women Hold Up Half the Women Hold Up Half the Heavens”Heavens”

• Women's’ issues and the support of women Women's’ issues and the support of women were an important part of the Communist were an important part of the Communist platform. Mao’s wife played an important platform. Mao’s wife played an important leadership role.leadership role.

• Communists sought to gain more rights for Communists sought to gain more rights for women while Nationalists urged women to women while Nationalists urged women to uphold their traditional roles in Chinese uphold their traditional roles in Chinese society.society.

• Result-women gain legal equality but greater Result-women gain legal equality but greater burdens abounded as they were still burdens abounded as they were still expected to care for their husbands, homes expected to care for their husbands, homes and children. Short-term gains by women in and children. Short-term gains by women in the Communist party were limited by the the Communist party were limited by the long-term trends, which did not reflect long-term trends, which did not reflect widespread change.widespread change.

Mao’s Last Campaign and the Mao’s Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of FourFall of the Gang of Four

• Failure of GLF lost Mao a lot of support, and he was asked to step Failure of GLF lost Mao a lot of support, and he was asked to step aside, replaced by the pragmatists.aside, replaced by the pragmatists.

• His return years later was characterized by a new movement that His return years later was characterized by a new movement that involved China’s youth, who would be too young to remember the involved China’s youth, who would be too young to remember the famine—famine—The Great Proletarian Cultural RevolutionThe Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

• Cultural Revolution—used masses of youth and propaganda (Little Cultural Revolution—used masses of youth and propaganda (Little Red Books) to root out his enemies. Targets were political rivals, Red Books) to root out his enemies. Targets were political rivals, intellectuals and any potential critics.intellectuals and any potential critics.

Vietnam “Colonialism and Vietnam “Colonialism and Revolution”Revolution”

• A similar experience to China (Confucian A similar experience to China (Confucian tradition)tradition)

• French slowly gain control of Vietnam, French slowly gain control of Vietnam, through support of Gia Long and his effort through support of Gia Long and his effort to unify the country.to unify the country.

• Special rights given to traders and Special rights given to traders and missionaries and later, installation of missionaries and later, installation of puppet regimes.puppet regimes.

• The French exploit the Vietnamese people The French exploit the Vietnamese people and their resources with little return.and their resources with little return.

Vietnamese NationalismVietnamese Nationalism

• Failure of Gia Long to resist the French discredits his Failure of Gia Long to resist the French discredits his dynasty, leading to more widespread animosity dynasty, leading to more widespread animosity towards Confucianism. Despite this, guerilla towards Confucianism. Despite this, guerilla opposition to the puppet regime was easily defeated.opposition to the puppet regime was easily defeated.

• However, a growing middle class (Western educated) However, a growing middle class (Western educated) began voicing opposition to French racism. The began voicing opposition to French racism. The French violently suppressed all opposition.French violently suppressed all opposition.

• French reaction encouraged Vietnamese nationalists French reaction encouraged Vietnamese nationalists (VNQDD) to use violence as well.(VNQDD) to use violence as well.

• Fall of the VNQDD left the Communist Party as the Fall of the VNQDD left the Communist Party as the main focus of resistance, though they were forced to main focus of resistance, though they were forced to operate underground due to French retaliation.operate underground due to French retaliation.

War of Liberation vs. FranceWar of Liberation vs. France• Viet Minh (Communist Viet Minh (Communist

resistance to French) resistance to French) fight the Japanese when fight the Japanese when they invade in 1941. they invade in 1941.

• Communists gain Communists gain political power in the political power in the North after WWII while North after WWII while the French maintain the French maintain colonial power in the colonial power in the South.South.

• A war ensues, with the A war ensues, with the French defeated in 1954.French defeated in 1954.

War of Liberation vs. USAWar of Liberation vs. USA

• Promises of post-war elections never Promises of post-war elections never materialized as Vietnam became part of the materialized as Vietnam became part of the “domino theory” of the Cold War. “domino theory” of the Cold War.

• Ngo Dinh Diem wins a rigged election in the Ngo Dinh Diem wins a rigged election in the South and with US support, begins a South and with US support, begins a campaign against the communists (Viet Cong)campaign against the communists (Viet Cong)

• When Diem couldn’t finish the job, the US When Diem couldn’t finish the job, the US took over, launching the Vietnam War. After took over, launching the Vietnam War. After heavy losses and a massive anti-war heavy losses and a massive anti-war campaign at home, the US finally withdrew, campaign at home, the US finally withdrew, and the South fell to the Communist North in and the South fell to the Communist North in 1975.1975.

After Victory: Struggle to After Victory: Struggle to RebuildRebuild• Communist win isolates the country from Communist win isolates the country from

much of the industrialized world, making it much of the industrialized world, making it hard to rebuild.hard to rebuild.

• While the gov’t pushed hardline political & While the gov’t pushed hardline political & economic policies (centralization), they economic policies (centralization), they had to contend with the US, who worked to had to contend with the US, who worked to block assistance, and China, whom they block assistance, and China, whom they fought on their borders.fought on their borders.

• Liberalization of the economy and a Liberalization of the economy and a cooling of tensions with the US led to cooling of tensions with the US led to greater growth in the 1980s.greater growth in the 1980s.

Global ConnectionsGlobal Connections

• China & Vietnam= monarchies and colonial China & Vietnam= monarchies and colonial regimes are replaced by Communismregimes are replaced by Communism

• Changes= social classes disappeared, women Changes= social classes disappeared, women gained new rights, more access to education, gained new rights, more access to education, Confucianism loses ground to Communism, Confucianism loses ground to Communism, industrialization, democratizationindustrialization, democratization

• Continuities= suspicion of Continuities= suspicion of commercial/entrepreneurial classes, belief in commercial/entrepreneurial classes, belief in authority of one ruler to provide for the authority of one ruler to provide for the people, emphasis on the group/social people, emphasis on the group/social harmony.harmony.