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Chapter 32
The Building of Global Empires
1 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Imperialism in Asia, ca. 1914
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The Idea of Imperialism
n Term dates from nineteenth century
n In popular discourse by 1880s
n Military imperialism q Later, economic and
cultural varieties q U.S. imperialism
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Motivations for Imperialism
n Military n Political n Economic
q European capitalism n Religious n Demographic
q Criminal populations q Dissident populations
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Manifest Destiny
n Discovery of natural resources n Exploitation of cheap labor n Expansion of markets
q Limited
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Geopolitical Considerations
n Strategic footholds q Waterways q Supply stations q Imperial rivalries
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The “White Man’s Burden”
n Rudyard Kipling (1864-1936) q Duty to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands
n French: mission civilisatrice
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Domestic Political Considerations
n Crises of industrialism n Pressure from nascent socialism n Imperial policies distract proletariat from
domestic politics q Cecil Rhodes: imperialism alternative to civil war
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Technology and Imperialism
n Transportation q Steamships q Railroads
n Infrastructure q Suez Canal (1859-1869) q Panama Canal (1904-1914)
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Weaponry
n Muzzle-loading muskets n Mid-century: breech-loading rifles
q Reduce reloading time n 1880s: Maxim gun, 11 rounds per second
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The Military Advantage
n Battle of Omdurman (near Khartoum on Nile), 1898 q Five hours of fighting
n British: six gunboats, twenty machine guns n British force lost a few hundred men; thousands
of Sudanese killed
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Communications
n Correspondence q 1830 Britain-India: 2 years q After Suez Canal, 2 weeks
n Telegraph q 1870s, development of submarine cables q Britain-India: 5 hours
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British Empire in India
n East India Company n Monopoly on India trade n Original permission from Mughal emperors n Mughal empire declines after death of Aurangzeb,
1707
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Home of a Wealthy Family in Calcutta
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British Conquest
n Protection of economic interests through political conquest
n “Doctrine of lapse” n British and Indian troops (sepoys)
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British Colonial Soldiers
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Sepoy Revolt, 1857
n Newly issued rifles had cartridges in wax paper greased with animal fat q Problem for Hindus: beef q Problem for Muslims: pork
n Small-scale rebellion ignites general anti-British revolution
n British gained upper hand in late 1857
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British Imperial Rule
n In response to the rebellion, Britain: q Abolishes Mughal empire q Exiles emperor to Burma q Abolishes East India Company q Establishes direct rule of India by British government
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British Rule in India
n Organization of agriculture q Crops: tea, coffee, opium
n Stamp of British culture on Indian environment
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Imperialism in Central Asia
n British, French, Russians complete for central Asia q France drops out after Napoleon q Russia active after 1860s in Tashkent, Bokhara,
Samarkand; and approached India
n The “Great Game”: Russian vs. British intrigue in Afghanistan q Preparation for imperialist war q Russian revolution of 1917 forestalled war
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Imperialism in Southeast Asia Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Spanish: Philippines Spanish: Philippines n n Dutch: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies)
Dutch: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) n British establish presence from 1820s n
Conflict with kings of Burma (Myanmar) 1820s, established colonial authority by 1880s q
established colonial authority by 1880s
n
Strait of Melaka
n Base of British colonization in Malaysia, 1870s-1880s
n Encouraged conversion to Christianity French: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, 1859-1893 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1914
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The Scramble for Africa (1875-1900)
n French, Portuguese, Belgians, and English competing for “the dark continent”
n Britain establishes strong presence in Egypt, Rhodesia q Suez Canal q Rhodesian gold, diamonds
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Rewriting African History
Ancient Africa n Implications for justification of imperialist rule n European exploration of rivers (Nile, Niger,
Congo, Zambesi) q Information on interior of Africa q King Leopold II of Belgium starts Congo Free State,
commercial ventures q Takes control of colony in 1908, renamed Belgian
Takes control of colony in 1908, renamed Belgian
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South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 South African (Boer) War 1899-1902
q Farmers (Boers) follow to settle territory, later called Afrikaners
q Competition and conflict with indigenous Khoikhoi and Xhosa peoples
(continued) (continued)
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South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 British takeover in 1806, slavery a major issue of conflict
Afrikaners migrate eastward in the Great Trek, overpower Ndebele and Zulu resistance with superior firepower q
Establish independent republics n Establish independent republics
British tolerate this until gold is discovered n n British tolerate this until gold is discovered White-white conflict, black soldiers and laborers n
Afrikaners concede in 1902; 1910, integrated into Afrikaners concede in 1902; 1910, integrated into Union of South Africa
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Village around a Kraal
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The Berlin West Africa Conference (1884-1885)
n Fourteen European states, United States n Fourteen European states, United States q No African states present
q
Rules of colonization: any European state can take “unoccupied” territory after informing other European powers
n European firepower dominates Africa q
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Systems of Colonial Rule
natural resources q Companies get freedom to tax, recruit labor: horrible Companies get freedom to tax, recruit labor: horrible
abuses abuses
Profit margin minimal n
Direct rule: France q “Civilizing mission” “Civilizing mission” q Chronic shortage of European personnel; language and cultural barriers Chronic shortage of European personnel; language and q cultural barriers
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Indirect Rule
q Frederick D. Lugard (Britain, 1858-1945) The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922) n
Use of indigenous institutions n
n
Difficulty in establishing tribal categories,
imposed arbitrary boundaries
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Imperialism in Oceania, ca. 1914
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European Imperialism in Australia and New Zealand
n English use Australia as a penal colony from 1788 n Voluntary migrants follow; gold discovered 1851 n Smallpox, measles devastate natives n Territory called terra nullius: “land belonging to
no one” n New Zealand: natives forced to sign Treaty of
Waitangi (1840), placing New Zealand under British “protection”
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Australian Aborigine
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European and Native Population in Australia and New Zealand
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European Imperialism in the Pacific Islands
n Commercial outposts q Whalers seeking port q Merchants seeking sandalwood, sea slugs for sale in
China q Missionaries seeking souls
n British, French, German, American powers carve up Pacific islands q Tonga remains independent, but relies on Britain
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U.S. Imperialism
n President James Monroe warns Europeans not to engage in imperialism in western hemisphere
(1823) q q The Monroe Doctrine: all Americas a U.S. Protectorate The Monroe Doctrine: all Americas a U.S. Protectorate
n n 1867 purchased Alaska from Russia n 1875 established protectorate over Hawai`i 1875 established protectorate over Hawai`i
q Locals overthrow queen in 1893, persuade U.S. to acquire islands in 1898 acquire islands in 1898
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Spanish-Cuban-American War Spanish-Cuban-American War (1898-1899)
n n
U.S. declares war in Spain after battleship Maine sunk in Havana harbor, 1898 q Takes possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam,
Takes possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines Philippines q U.S. intervenes in other Caribbean, Central American
q
Honduras, Haiti n Filipinos revolt against Spanish rule, later against
U.S. rule
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n
The Panama Canal
President Theodore Roosevelt (in office 1901-1909) supports insurrection against Colombia (1903)
n Rebels win, establish state of Panama n U.S. gains territory to build canal, Panama Canal
Zone n Roosevelt Corollary of Monroe Doctrine
q U.S. right to intervene in domestic affairs of other nations if U.S. investments threatened nations if U.S. investments threatened
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Early Japanese Expansion Early Japanese Expansion
n 1870s, colonized northern region: Hokkaido, Kurile Islands, southern Okinawa, and Ryukyu 1870s, colonized northern region: Hokkaido, Kurile Islands, southern Okinawa, and Ryukyu Islands as well Islands as well
n n 1876, Japanese purchase warships from Britain, 1876, Japanese purchase warships from Britain, dominate Korea
n Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) over Korea results in Japanese victory results in Japanese victory
n n
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) also ends in Japanese victory
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Economic Legacies of Imperialism
n n
Colonized states encouraged to exploit natural n
resources rather than build manufacturing centers
n
Encouraged dependency on imperial power for product manufactured goods made from native raw q product Indian cotton
q n Indian cotton
n Introduction of new crops Tea in Ceylon
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Imperialism and Migration during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century
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Labor Migrations
n Europeans move to temperate lands q Work as free cultivators, industrial laborers q 32 million to the U.S., 1800-1914
n Africans, Asians, and Pacific islanders move to tropical/subtropical lands q Indentured laborers, manual laborers q 2.5 million between 1820 and 1914
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Colonial Conflict
q
Tanganyika Maji Maji rebellion against Germans (1905-1906)
q
Rebels sprinkle selves with magic water (maji-maji) q Rebels sprinkle selves with magic water (maji-maji) as protection against modern weapons; 75,000 killed
n n
“Scientific” racism developed q
Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882) q
Combines with theories of Charles Darwin Darwinism” (1809-1882) to form pernicious doctrine of “social
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Movements
n Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1883), Bengali called “father of modern India”
n Reformers call for self-government, adoption of selected British practices (e.g. ban on sati) q Influence of Enlightenment thought, often obtained in
European universities n Indian National Congress formed 1885
q 1916, joins with All-India Muslim League
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