Chapter 32 Cakes and Icings Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Chapter 32Chapter 32

Cakes and IcingsCopyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Understanding Cake Making

2

Basic Mixing Methods

These mixing methods are basic for most cakes prepared in the modern bakeshop.

• Each method is used for a particular type of formula.

• High-fat or shortened cakes

• Creaming method

• Two-stage or blending method

• Low-fat or foam-type cakes

• Foaming or sponge method

• Angel food method

• Chiffon method


Creaming Method

• Also called the conventional method.

• The creaming method is still used for many types of butter cakes.

Two-Stage Method

• Also called the blending method.

• Developed for use with modern high-ratio shortenings.

• Simpler than the creaming method.

• Called two-stage because the liquids are added in two stages.

3



Foaming or Sponge Method

• All egg-foam cakes are similar in that they:

• Contain little or no shortening.

• Depend for most or all of their leavening on the air trapped in beaten eggs.

• Angel Food Method

• Based on egg-white foams and contains no fat.

• Chiffon Method

• Batter containing flour, egg yolks, vegetable oil, and water is folded into the whites.

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5


Creaming Method

Cream the butter and sugar until the mixture is light and fluffy.

Beat in the eggs a little at a time.


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Add one-fourth of the dry ingredients and mix in.

Add one-third of the liquid ingredients and mix in. Repeat until all the dry and liquid ingredients are incorporated.

Creaming Method


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With a wire whip or the whip attachment of a mixer, beat the eggs until they are very thick and light.

Fold in the sifted flour in three or four stages, until all the flour is blended in.


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If melted butter is used, fold it in after the flour.



The proper mixing method for a particular formula depends on the balance of ingredients.

• If fat is high, use the creaming method or the two-stage method.

• The two-stage method may be used if the percentage of sugar is over 100 percent and if the fat is emulsified shortening.

• In other cases, the creaming method is used.

• If fat is low and eggs and sugar are high, use an egg-foam method.

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Cake Formula Types


High-Fat Cakes• The two-stage method is quicker. However, because

the flour is mixed for a long time, two conditions are necessary to prevent the gluten from developing toughness:

1. Increased percentage of sugar (sugar is a tenderizer).

2. Emulsified shortening, which blends thoroughly to prevent toughness.

10

Cake Formula Types


High-Fat Cakes• Cakes made by the two-stage method have:

• Good volume • Lightness• A fine, velvety texture• Great tenderness

• The texture of butter cakes made by the creaming method is coarser.• Creaming-method cakes are generally somewhat less tender.

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Cake Formula Types


Low-Fat Cakes• Low-fat or no-fat cakes must depend on the foaming

action of eggs for part of their leavening.

• Sponge cakes have a springy texture and are tougher than shortened cakes.

• Flour for sponge cakes must be weak to avoid making the cake tough.

• Cornstarch is often added to cake flour for sponge cakes to weaken the flour further.

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Cake Formula Types


Prepare pans before mixing cake batters so cake batters can be baked without delay.

• For high-fat cakes, the bottoms of layer pans must be greased.

• For sheet cakes, line the pan with greased parchment.

• For angel food cakes, do not grease the pan. The batter must be able to cling to the sides in order to rise.

• For sponge cake layers with a small percentage of fat, grease the bottoms but not the sides.

13

Scaling and Panning


Baking• The following guidelines will help you avoid cake

failures.

• Preheat the ovens.

• Make sure ovens and shelves are level.

• Do not let pans touch each other in the oven.

• Bake at the correct temperature.

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Baking and Cooling


Baking• Too hot an oven causes:

• The cake to set unevenly or to set before it has fully risen.

• Crusts will be too dark.

• Too slow an oven causes:

• Poor volume, texture, and the potential for the cake to fall.

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Baking and Cooling


Baking• Do not open the ovens or disturb the cakes until they

have finished rising and are partially browned.

• Disturbing the cakes before they are set may cause them to fall.

• If steam in the oven is available, use it for creamed and two-stage batters.

• Cakes baked with steam bake with a flatter top.

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Baking and Cooling


Baking• Tests for doneness:

• Shortened cakes slightly shrink away from the sides of the pan.

• Cakes are springy; the center of the top springs back when pressed slightly.

• A cake tester or pick inserted into the center of the cake comes out clean.

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Baking and Cooling


Cooling and Removing from Pans• Cool layer cakes and sheet cakes 15 minutes in pans,

and then turn out while slightly warm.

• They are too fragile to turn out when hot, and they may break.

• Turn out layer cakes onto racks to finish cooling.

• Cool angel food cakes upside down in pans.

• Support the edges of the pan so the top of the cake is off the bench.

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Baking and Cooling


Cooling and Removing from Pans• To turn out sheet cakes:

• Sprinkle top lightly with granulated sugar.

• Set an empty sheet pan on top, bottom side down.

• Invert both pans.

• Remove top pan.

• Peel parchment off cake.

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Baking and Cooling


At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure is much lower than at sea level.

• Formulas must be adjusted to suit baking conditions over 2,000 or 3,000 feet (600 or 900 m) above sea level.

Leavening • Gases expand more when air pressure is lower, so

baking powder and baking soda must be decreased.

• Creaming and foaming procedures should also be reduced so less air is incorporated.

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Altitude Adjustments


Tougheners: Flour and Eggs• Cakes require firmer structure at high altitudes.

• Both eggs and flour must be increased to supply proteins for structure.

Tenderizers: Shortening and Sugars• Shortening and sugar must be decreased to make the

structure of the cake firmer.

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Liquids• At high altitudes, water boils at a lower temperature and evaporates

more easily.• Liquids must be increased to prevent excess drying both during and

after baking.

Baking Temperatures• Increase baking temperatures about 25°F (14°C) above 3,500 feet

(1050 m).

Pan Greasing• High-fat cakes tend to stick at high altitudes.

• Grease pans more heavily.

• Remove baked cakes from pans as soon as possible. 22


Icings: Production and Application

Icings have three main functions:

1. They improve the keeping qualities of the cake by forming a protective coating around it.

2. They contribute flavor and richness.

3. They improve appearance.

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Producing and Handling Basic types


24

Producing and Handling Basic Types

There are six basic kinds of icing:

1. Fondant

2. Buttercream

3. Foam-type icing

4. Fudge-type icing

5. Flat-type icing

6. Royal or decorator’s icing

In addition, we consider two other preparations for cakes:

1. Glazes

2. Fillings


Fondant• A sugar syrup that is crystallized to a smooth, creamy

white mass.

• When applied, it sets up into a shiny, non-sticky coating.

• Because it is difficult to make in the bakeshop, fondant is almost always purchased already prepared.

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Buttercreams• Light, smooth mixtures of fat and confectioners’ sugar.

• May also contain eggs to increase smoothness or lightness.

• Simple buttercreams are made by creaming together fat and sugar to the desired consistency and lightness.

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Buttercream• Meringue-type buttercreams

• Prepared by first beating egg whites and adding a boiling syrup or just sugar.

• Soft butter is then mixed into the meringue.

• French buttercreams

• Similar to the meringue type.

• The foam is made with egg yolks (and, sometimes, whole eggs) and boiling syrup.

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Buttercream• Use buttercreams in cool weather only.

• Blend a small quantity of emulsified shortening with the butter to stabilize it.

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Foam-Type Icings• Are simply meringues made with a boiling syrup.

• Sometimes called boiled icings.

• Some also contain stabilizing ingredients like gelatin.

• These icings are not stable.

• They should be used the day they are prepared.

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Flat Icings• Also called water icings.

• Simple mixtures of 10X sugar, water, and sometimes corn syrup and flavoring.

• Flat icings are warmed to 100°F (38°C) for application and are handled like fondant.

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Fudge-Type Icings• Rich, cooked icings.

• Fudge icings are heavy and thick, and may be flavored with a variety of ingredients.

• Fudge icings are stable and hold up well on cakes and in storage.

• To use stored fudge icing, warm it in a double boiler until soft enough to spread.

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Royal Icing• Similar to flat icings, but much thicker.

• Made with egg whites, which make it hard and brittle when dry.

• Also called decorating or decorator’s icing.

• It is used almost exclusively for decorative work.

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Glazes• Thin, glossy, transparent coatings that give shine to

baked products and help prevent drying.

• The simplest glaze is a sugar syrup or diluted corn syrup brushed onto coffee cakes or Danishes while the glaze is hot.

• Ganache is a mixture of heavy cream and melted chocolate.

• Though not transparent, it is used like other glazes to give a thin, shiny coating to cakes and other desserts.

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Fillings• Fruit Fillings

• Fruit fillings may be cooked or uncooked.

• Cream Fillings

• Cream fillings include pastry cream and various pudding-type preparations.

• Whipped Cream

• Whipped cream is used as a dessert topping, filling, and frosting.

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Selection of Icing• In general, use heavy frostings with heavy cakes and

light frostings with light cakes.

• Use the best-quality flavorings, and use them sparingly.

• The flavor of the frosting should not be stronger than that of the cake.

• Use coloring sparingly.

• Light, pastel shades are more appetizing than loud colors.

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Assembling and Icing Cakes


Small Cakes• Cupcakes are iced by dipping the tops in a soft icing.

• Petits fours are tiny cakes cut from sheet cakes.

Sheet Cakes• Sheet cakes are ideal for volume service because they

require little labor to bake, ice, and decorate.

• They keep well as long as they are uncut.

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Assembling and Icing Cakes

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Chapter 32 Cakes and Icings Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved