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Chapter 30: Populations and Communities
Name: ____________________Period: _________
What is a population?• Definition: _____________________
______________________________.
____________________
____________________
A group of similar organisms living in a
given area
Wildebeest in the Serengeti
Whales in the ocean
Bees in a nest
Flowers in a field
People in a city
Population of people in the USA.
• 1960= • 1970= • 1980= • 1990= • 2000=
What is causing this drastic change?
180 million
205 million
227 million
249 million
270 million
What causes population change?
• Immigration = people __________ a population…SIZE __________• Emigration = people _________ a population…SIZE _________• Death-rate… ____________ population• Birth-rate… _____________ population
• What are the multiple reasons for the change in population size in the USA?
• 1. _____________________________________• 2. _____________________________________• 3. _____________________________________• 4. _____________________________________
come into increases
Exit (leave) decreases
decreases
increases
Increase in immigration
Decrease in emigration
Medical technology is better
No significant war or disease
“Clumped” populations
Human population in the USA
1. What causes this “clumping”?
______________________________________________Resources are abundant
• Examples of limiting factors• _____________________ • _____________________• _____________________• _____________________• _____________________• _____________________
• How do these factors effect the growth of a population?
_______________________________________________________________________
Examples:
Lion and hyena compete for _____________________
Plants compete for ______________, ________________, and __________________
Birds compete for _____________________
Squirrels and birds compete for _____________________
rabbits and groundhogs compete for _____________________
Limiting factors…help keep population from growing
food
water
shelter
space
sunlight
nutrients
food
space sunlight nutrients
territory
Food and shelter
space
Communities
• ______________________________
_______________________________
Animals of the SerengetiFish and plants in an aquarium
Plants and animals in a forest
*All animals have a ______________(place they “live”)…ex: field, lake, forest.
*They also have a _______________(“job” or “role” within their habitat)
All living things that share a particular area
habitat
niche
• _____________________(“autotrophic”)– Produces its own food– Plants, algae, and some bacteria– Chlorophyll is the food-making chemical
• Produce food and oxygen during photosynthesis!!
• _____________________(“heterotrophic”)– All animals are consumers– Types of consumers
• _______________…eats a producer = “herbivore” Ex: Grasshopper eats grass• _______________…eats the primary consumer = “carnivore” Ex. Frog eats grasshopper• _______________…eats the second consumer Ex. Snake eats frog• _______________…eats the third consumer Ex. Bird eats snake
• _____________________ …recycle nutrients back into the community – _____________________– _____________________
3 Types of Niches
Producer
Consumer
Primary Consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Fourth consumer
Decomposerbacteriafungus
___________
__________
__________
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Food Chain
Producer? _______________________
Primary Consumer? ________________________
Secondary consumer? ______________________
Decomposer? _________________________
Grass
Mouse
Cat
Fungus
Shows pathway of energy through a
community
Food Web.
1. How many food chains are in this particular food web? ___________________
2. Can you identify a producer and a primary, secondary, third, fourth, and fifth consumer?
______________ _____________ _____________ _____________ ______________ _________________rabbit Fox (2) Snake (4) Owl (5)grass
17
Spider (3)
Food chains connected in a
community
Energy flow• The primary source of energy for a community is the ________________• Which group directly uses the sun’s energy? ______________ by the process of photosynthesis
– Primary consumer gets energy by eating the ____________________– Secondary consumer gets energy by eating the ____________________ (and so on)– ENERGY IS LOST THROUGH EACH STEP OF A FOOD CHAIN!!! (released as _______ by the organism)
Why do you usually NOT see a sixth or seventh consumer?
_____________________________________________________
Energy pyramid
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
ENERGY
Sun
Producersproducer
Primary consumer
heat
Not enough energy available
Three types of Relationships
1. Mutualism– _________________________
Moray eel and cleaner fish
Sea anemone and clown fish
Bees and flowers
Rhino and birds
Both organisms benefit
2. CommensalismOne organism ________ and the other
_____________________
A remora fish uses a shark for _______ and to ____________
A frog uses vegetation as __________
benefits
Unharmed and NO benefit
transportFood scraps
camouflage
3. Parasitism• One organism benefits, while the other is
_____________________
tickfleas
mosquito
harmed
• Predation– Predator and prey– ________ is killed and eaten by the _____________Prey Predator
Are all secondary consumers