CHAPTER 3: THE MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EAST, …

CHAPTER 3:THE MEDITERRANEAN AND

MIDDLE EAST, 2000–500 B.C.E.

Sunday, August 26, 2012

p. 83Sunday, August 26, 2012

I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EASTA. Western Asia

1. by 1500 B.C.E. Mesopotamia divided into 2 distinct zonesa. Babylonia in the Southb. Assyria in the North

2. Babylon had developed greatly politically and culturally under dynasty of Hammurabi in 17th to 18th century

3. Assyrians in north centered on trade with Ashur, leading urban center


I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST4. “Old Assyrian” in 18th century had control of trade routes from Mesopotamia to Anatolia & Syria- Palestine area

5. Hittites came into power from 1500 B.C.E in Anatolia areaa. used Indo- European language

6. Hittites capital, Hattusha, revised technology of horse drawn chariots (2 wheeled)


I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST7. 2nd millennia, Akkadian language becomes language of diplomacy

8. Hittites collapse in 1193 B.C.E.

B. Middle & New Kingdom Egypt1. 17th century, new groups migrated into Nile Delta

2. Egypt entered into a period of political fragmentation & economic decline


Map 4-1, p. 82Sunday, August 26, 2012


I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST3. 1640 B.C.E., for the first time,

Egypt came under the rule of non-Egyptians, Hyksos, during the Middle Kingdom

4. Hyksos had military advantage over Egyptiansa. horse- drawn war chariots, bows made of wood and horn

5. after 3 decades of warfare Hyksos expelled & started New Kingdom 1532 to 1072 B.C.E.


I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST6. New Kingdom was aggressive and

concerned with expansiona. conquered Syria- Palestine in north and Nubia in south

b. new territories brought to Egypt timber, gold, copper, tax tributes

c. In Nubia, Egypt exerted direct control but in Syria- Palestine, placed forts to support local rulers (indirect control)


I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST7. New Kingdom interacting with

many countries & traveling widelya. introduced to new technology such as improved potters wheel & weaver’s loom

8. Hatshepsut claims royal title of pharaoh in 1473-1458 B.C.E., become the 1st female pharaoha. successfully established 1st hand trade to sub Saharan Africa & secured myrrh, ebony, ivory & more


I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST9.Amenhotep IV changed his

name to Akhenaten, in an attempt for Egypt & himself to worship one god- Aten (Sun God)a. he is credited with the invention of monotheism

10. Pharaoh Tutankhamun (1333- 1323) was the immediate successor of Akhenaten & re-opened temples, re-instituted Amon as the chief god


p. 87Sunday, August 26, 2012

I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EASTa. most famous because his tomb is the only royal tomb found not to be pillaged.

11. new dynasty, Ramessides, established in 1323

12. Ramesses II ruled for 66 years & renewed policy of conquest neglected by Akhenaten


I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EASTC. Egyptian Commerce & Communication

1. Battle between Egyptians & Hittites resulted in a treaty a. battle over control of Syria- Palestine area

2. commerce in metal increased dramatically

3. domesticated horses arrived in western Asia near 2000 B.C.E

4. New modes of transportation introduced during this period were horses, chariots, and camels.


II. AEGEAN WORLDA. Mycenaean Greece

1. 1st advance Greek civilization created from groups of Indo-European speakers & indigenous people

2. evidence prove Homer’s Iliad was a true account of historical events


II. AEGEAN WORLD3. Mycenaean borrowed various

concepts from Minoansa. palace construction centralized economy, bureaucratic administration, artistic style & Minoan writing system.

4. Mycenae & other Greek cities have similar structural patternsa. citadel built on hilltop, surrounded by thick fortification walls of stone


II. AEGEAN WORLD5. Mycenaean’s adapted Minoan’s undeciphed writing, Linear A, to create Linear B, which is an early form of Greek

6. Minoans & Mycenaean’s engaged in long-distance tradea. sailed in daylight with land in sightb. light, wooden vessels with little storage room

7. Cretan/ Minoan merchants credited with establishing trading posts




II. AEGEAN WORLD

D. Fall of Late Bronze Age Civilizations 1. groups moving into a new area displaced others, whom would join movement of people

2. Egypt soon lost control of Syria-Palestine territory & Nubia

3. Mycenaean civilization collapses but Greek language persists

4. Many societies became interdependent through trade, diplomacy, & technology and the collapse of one society brought about the collapse of all


II. AEGEAN WORLD5. collapse due to internal weakness & external violence

6. Region enters into centuries long “Dark Age”- poverty, isolation, & loss of knowledge


III. ASSYRIAN EMPIREA. Background Information

1. Neo- Assyrian (911 – 612 B.C.E) 1st to rule over diverse people over long distances

2. homeland in Northern Mesopotamia3. At its peak, empire stretched from

Anatolia, Syria- Palestine & Egypt across Armenia, Mesopotamia & Iran

4. Assyrians created an empire larger than any which existed before



III. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE5. focus was with to enrich imperial center

through the subjugated peripheral territories (newly conquered territories)

B. God & King1. King center of Assyrian universe, All

land and people belong to him2. belief that gods chose king to rule as

earthly representative3. kings responsibilities:

a. military campaigns: both for defensive and expansion

b. supervising state religion & upkeep of temple


III. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE5. kings made no decisions

without consulting godsC. Conquest & Control

1. had an army of professional soldiers and included armored spearmen, launched stone projectiles, cavalry, 4- man chariots & bowmen

2. Assyrians utilized terror tactics to prevent resistance & rebellion


III. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE3. WORST TACTICS: mass

deportation- forcibly uprooting entire communitiesa. relocated 1 – 4 million people b. shifted human resources & opened new lands for agriculture

4. provincial officials secured payments of tributes & taxes which financed activities of government


III. ASSYRIAN EMPIRED. Assyrian Society & Culture

1. 3 classes are: a. free, landowning citizensb. farmers & artisans attached to king’s or rich landholder’s estate

c. slaves- debtors & prisoners of wars2. although coin currency not invented,

silver measured for desired amount for each transactions

3. Assyrians built on achievements of Mesopotamian ancestors


IV. ISRAELA. Background Information

1. Canaan, Israel, Palestine- names of homeland of Israelites aka Hebrews & Jews

2. Israel had few natural resourcesB. Origins, Exodus, & Settlements

1. information acquired form Egyptian & Assyrian documents as well as Hebrew biblea. Hebrew bible called Torahb. parts of Hebrew bible called Old Testament in Christian Bible





IV. ISRAEL2. Hebrew bible- orally transmitted

history written down in 10th Century B.C.E. 3. Hebrew language is Semitic & related to

neighboring languages4. patriarch of religion is Abraham whom

had a covenant- pact with Israelite god, Yahweh

5. Israelites moved to Egypt when severe drought occurred & became Egyptian slaves


IV. ISRAEL6. with leadership of Moses, Israelites lead

out of slavery in Egypt, known as the Exodus, & wandered in desert for 40 yearsa. period of wandering strengthened covenant between Israelites and Yahweh

b. Commandments- basic tenets of Jewish beliefs & practices, emerged during the period of wandering

7. “Children of Israel” divided into 12 tribes, each led by a different chief & settled in a different areas


IV. ISRAELC. Rise of Monarchy

1. Saul, 1st king of Israelites around 1020 B.C.E established monarchy

2. After Saul’s death, throne passed to David (1000- 960 B.C.E.)

3. David captured hill of Jerusalem & made it capitala. placed Ark of Covenant in Jerusalem

4. David instituted a census for the collection of taxes & created a paid army


IV. ISRAEL 5. Solomon, David’s son, built the 1st

Temple in Jerusalem6. growing gap between urban, rich & rural

poor, polarized a people which previously was homogeneous

7. Israelites lived in extended families, several generations living together

8. women enjoyed relative equality also, they suffered certain legal disadvantages: a. women could not inherit property, b. could initiate divorcec. main responsibilities were bearing and raising children, & maintaining the household.


IV. ISRAELD. Fragmentation & Dispersal

1. After Solomon, Israel divided into two kingdoms: a. Israel in the north (capital: Samaria) b. Judah in the south (capital: Jerusalem)

2. The two kingdoms were sometimes at peace with each other, and sometimes fought.

3. The concept of monotheism was sharpened during period of fragmentation

4. the Assyrian destruction of the northern kingdom (Israel) in 721 B.C.E.


IV. ISRAEL

5. the fall of the southern kingdom (Judah) to the Babylonian monarch Nebuchadnezzar in 587 B.C.E. a. Nebuchadnezzar deported a large number of Jewish elites and craftsmen to Babylon- beginning of the Jewish Diaspora.

6. Jewish people developed institutions to preserve Jewish religion and culture.

7. Developments of the Diaspora included a stronger commitment to monotheism, strict dietary rules, and veneration of the Sabbath.



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CHAPTER 3: THE MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EAST, …