Bellringer How many of the 7 Land Biomes can you list without
looking at your notes or book?
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Section 1 Land Biomes Places that have similar abiotic factors
typically have similar biotic factors A Biome is a large area
characterized by its climate and the plants and animals that live
in the area. A biome contains related ecosystems
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1. Forests Are often found in areas that have mild temperatures
and plenty of rain. Type depends on temperatures and rainfall.
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There are 3 Types of forest Biomes: 1. Temperate Deciduous
Forests The word deciduous comes from a Latin word that means to
fall off Deciduous trees shed their leaves to save water during the
winter or during the dry season A variety of animals, such as
bears, snakes and woodpeckers live in these forests
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2. Coniferous Forests Most trees in this forest are called
conifers Conifers produce seeds in cones and have special leaves
shaped like needles Leaves have a thick waxy coating with three
functions: Helps leaves from drying out Protects needles from being
damaged by cold weather Allows them to keep their leaves year
round
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Trees that stay green all year and do not lose all of the
leaves at one time are known as evergreen trees Common animals are
squirrels, insects, finches, porcupines, elk, moose, etc. Very
little light reaches the ground so few large plants can grow
beneath the trees.
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3. Tropical Rain Forests Have more biological diversity than
other places on Earth have More than 100 different kinds of trees
may grow in an area about the size of a football field. Most
animals live in the canopy, or the treetops Most nutrients in the
rainforest are found in the plants The soil is very thin and poor
in nutrition, so many trees grow above- ground roots for extra
support.
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Grasslands Have many names, such as steppes, prairies and
pampas. Are found on every continent but Antarctica Are often flat
or have rolling hills.
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1) Temperate Grasslands Plants include grasses and other
flowering plants Have few trees Fires, drought, and grazing prevent
the growth of trees and shrubs Temperatures support small
seed-eating animals and large grass eaters.
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2) Savannas A savanna is a grassland that has scattered clumps
of trees and seasonal rains Are found in parts of Africa, India,
and South America During dry season, savanna grasses dry out and
turn yellow, but their deep roots let them survive for many months
without water. Is home to many large herbivores, such as elephants,
giraffes, zebras, and wildebeests.
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Deserts Deserts are biomes that are very dry and often very hot
Many plants and animals are found ONLY in deserts
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Plant adaptations: grow far apart Shallow widespread roots that
grow just under the surface Fleshy stems and leaves to store water
Leaves have a waxy coating that helps prevent water loss
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Animal Adaptations Active only at night Bury in the ground and
are dormant during the dry season Eat flowers or leaves and store
the water under their shells
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Tundra The tundra is a biome that has very cold temperatures
and little rainfall
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Two types of tundra: 1. Polar Tundra Found near the North and
South Poles Permafrost layer of soil beneath the surface soil that
stays frozen all the time Only the surface soil defrosts during the
short, cool summers Shallow rooted plants such as grasses and small
shrubs are common, and mosses and lichens grow beneath these plants
When the soil defrosts it is very muddy and insects lay eggs in the
mud Birds feed on these insects Other animals include musk oxen,
wolves, and caribou
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POLAR BEARS REINDEER ALASKAN WILDFLOWERS ARCTIC TUNDRA AND
ALASKAN PIPELINE
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2. Alpine Tundra Also has permafrost Found at the top of tall
mountains Trees cannot grow on a mountain above an elevation called
the tree line Gets plenty of light and precipitation
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CROSS SECTION OF PERMAFROST
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Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
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Life in the Ocean Marine ecosystems are shaped by the following
abiotic factors: Water temperature Water depth Amount of sunlight
that passes into the water
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Animals and plants come in all shapes and sizes Largest animals
on Earth blue whales Plankton tiny organisms that float near the
surface of the water Many are producers use photosynthesis Form the
base of the oceans food chain
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Temperature As the water level increases, the temperature of
the water decreases (the deeper the water the colder it is) This
temperature change not gradual
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Ocean Temperature Zones Surface Zone The warm, top layer of
ocean water that extends to 300 meters below sea level. Sunlight
heats the top 100 meters of the surface zone Surface currents mix
the heated water with the cooler water below Temps vary with the
times of the year and distance from the equator
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Thermocline A layer of water that extends from 300 meters below
sea level to about 700 meters below sea level. Water temperature
drops with increased depth faster than it does in the other two
zones
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Deep Zone Bottom layer that extends from the base of the
thermocline to the bottom of the ocean. Temperatures in this zone
average a chilling 2 C.
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Temperature affects the animals that live in marine ecosystems
Some have adaptations for the temperatures Some migrate from cold
to warm areas of the ocean to reproduce Affects whether some
animals can eat Sudden changes in temperature can cause some marine
animals to die
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Depth and Sunlight The Four Oceanic Zones 1. The Intertidal
Zone Where the ocean meets the land Exposed to the air for part of
the day Waves are always crashing on rock and sand Animals that
live here have adaptations to survive exposure to air and to keep
from being washed away by the waves
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2. The Neritic Zone Water becomes deeper Ocean floor starts to
slope downward Water is warm and receives a lot of sunlight Many
interesting plants and animals, such as corals, sea turtles,
fishes, and dolphins live in this zone.
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3. The Oceanic Zone The sea floor drops sharply Contains the
deep water of the open ocean Plankton at the water surface Animals
like fishes, whales, and sharks are found here
Ocean_Floors__Life_in_the _Neritic_and_Transition_Zo nes.asf
Ocean_Floors__Life_in_the _Neritic_and_Transition_Zo nes.asf
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4. The Benthic Zone The ocean floor Deepest parts get no
sunlight and are very cold Many organisms get food from what sinks
from above Some get chemicals that escape thermal vents
Ocean_Floors__Life_in_th e_Deep_Zone_Benthic Zone.asf
Ocean_Floors__Life_in_th e_Deep_Zone_Benthic Zone.asf
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Intertidal Areas Found near the shore Include: Mudflats worms
and crabs live there Sandy beaches worms, clams, crabs, and
plankton Rocky shores adaptations prevent them from being washed
away Rocky_Shore_Zones__Intertidal_Zone.asf
Rocky_Shore_Zones__Intertidal_Zone.asf
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Coral Reefs Found in warm, shallow areas of the neritic zone
Made up of small animals called corals When corals die they leave
their skeletons behind and layers of them form the reef Home for
many plants and animals including algae, fish, sponges, sea stars
and sea urchins
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Coral_Ecosystems.asf
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Estuaries This is an area where fresh water from streams and
rivers spills into the ocean The waters are always mixing so the
salt content changes Plants and animals must be able to survive
these changing conditions Fresh water is very nutrient rich so
estuaries support large numbers of plankton, which then provide
food for many other animals estuaries.asf estuaries.asf
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The Sargasso Sea Found in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
Contains floating rafts of algae called sargassums
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Polar Ice The Arctic Ocean and ocean around Antarctica Rich in
nutrients and support large numbers of plankton Animals such as
polar bears and penguins live on the polar ice
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Section 3 Freshwater Ecosystems
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Stream and River Ecosystems Water flows from melting ice and
snow, or from a spring Each stream of water that joins a larger
stream is called a tributary A very strong, wide stream is called a
river An important abiotic factor is how fast the water flows
Plants like the edges, fish live in open waters, and clams and
snails live in muddy bottoms Some producers like algae and moss are
attached to rocks Consumers suction to rocks or live under
them
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Pond and Lake Ecosystems Life near Shore Area closest to the
edge of lake or pond is called the littoral zone Sunlight reaches
the bottom making it possible for plants and algae to grow Plants
become home to small animals such as snails and insects Clams and
worms bury in the mud Frogs, salamanders, turtles, fish and snakes
also live in this zone
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Life Away from Shore The Open-water zone extends from the
littoral zone across the top of the water Goes as deep as sunlight
can reach Home to bass, lake trout, and other fishes Many
photosynthetic plankton also live there Large mouth bass Lake
trout
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Beneath the open-water zone is the deep-water zone, where no
sunlight reaches Catfish, carp, worms, crustaceans, fungi, and
bacteria live here Often feed on dead organisms that sink from
above CARP CATFISH CRUSTACEANS
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Wetland Ecosystems An area of land that is sometimes underwater
or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture is called a wetland
Play important roles in flood control Help to replenish underground
water supplies
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Marshes Treeless wetland ecosystem where plants, such as
grasses grow Often found in shallow areas along the shores of
lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams
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Swamps A wetland ecosystem in which trees and vines grow Found
in low-lying areas and beside slow-moving rivers
Essential_and_Endangered __Wetland_Biomes.asf (25:00)
Essential_and_Endangered __Wetland_Biomes.asf
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From a Lake to a Forest Over time, ponds and lakes fill with
sediment Plants grow in the new soil Shallow areas fill in first
and plants slowly grow closer and closer to the center of the pond
or lake What is left becomes a wetland, and eventually a
forest