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Chapter 3
THE BRITISH IN NORTH AMERICA
“What kind of society did the British colonists create in North America?”
The British Cross the AtlanticDefinitions
Mercantilism – An economic system that allowed an imperial country to become rich by selling the resources taken from its colonies.
The Thirteen Colonies – The 13 separate colonies established by Britain along the eastern coast of present day’s United States.
Question
Looking at Canada TODAY how do we know Britain (England)
played an important role in establishing Canada as a
country?
The Queen of England appears on Canadian currency
The Union Jack appears on the Canadian Coat of Arms
The Union Jack appears on 3 Provincial flags
National Holidays in honour of British Officials
Victoria Day is a Canadian statutory holiday celebrated on the last Monday before or on May 24 in honour of both Queen Victoria's birthday and the current reigning Canadian sovereign's birthday.
Some Canadian Places are named after British Officials
Victoria, British Columbia
named after Queen Victoria
Prince Edward Island named after the father of Queen Victoria, Prince Edward
Mercantilism
Would the following resources and goods be sold by Colonists to England for money, or sold by England to the Colonists for money?
Colonizing America
Walter Raleigh was the first English explorer to try and build a colony in North America.
THINK BACK: Who was the first French explorer to try? How did that work out?
Colonizing America
Walter Raleigh was the first English explorer to try and build a colony in North America.
THINK BACK: Who was the first French explorer to try? How did that work out? Jacques Cartier, most of
his men got sick and died.
Colonizing America
Do you think Walter Raleigh was successful in establishing a British Colony? a) Yes, because the British learned from
the French’s mistakes. b) Yes, because the First Nations helped
the British out. c) No, because they weren’t prepared for
the harsh way of life. d) No because the First Nations drove the
British off their land.
Colonizing America
Do you think Walter Raleigh was successful in establishing a British Colony?
c) No, because they weren’t prepared for the harsh way of life.
He tried to set up a colony twice, both attempts failed because the colonists were not prepared for the harsh life in the North American wilderness.
But the British kept trying.
Colonizing America
Why was it so important for the Britain to build colonies in North America?
Colonizing America
Why was it so important for the Britain to build colonies in North America?
The Economy – France, Spain and Portugal had made a lot of money off their colonies and Britain wanted to do the same.
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Colonizing America
Why was it so important for the Britain to build colonies in North America?
Competition- Britain wanted to prevent France and Spain from being too powerful.
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Colonizing America
Why was it so important for the Britain to build colonies in North America?
Quality of Life- In Britain, cities were crowded, there was little farmland left.
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Colonizing America
Why was it so important for the Britain to build colonies in North America?
Religious Freedom – Many groups were treated badly for religious beliefs. They wanted a place where they could practice their religion freely.
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King James I of England knew it would cost a great deal of money to set up the colonies. However, he did not want to risk losing the government’s money. Instead, in 1607 he began granting permission to private groups who were interested in setting up colonies along the eastern coast of North America.
The Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies
Why are there
thirteen colonies
instead of only one colony?
Why are all the
colonies on the East
Coast?
The Thirteen Colonies
New France and the first Thirteen colonies were founded around the same time.
England’s colonies grew much quicker. France Britain
• Priority of collecting and selling resources.•Extreme climate, difficult for farming. •Not many opportunities to gain a living other than the fur trade. •Only French Catholics were encouraged to come to New France. •New France could only trade with France.
•Wanted large settlements for military and economic advantage. •Mild climate made life more comfortable.•Economies based on farming, fishing and logging. Many more opportunities to earn a living. •Allowed people of different religions and different countries to come. •Allowed to trade/sell to other countries/groups.
Questions - The British Cross the Atlantic (pg 55-57)
Chapter Questions1. a) Who is Walter Raleigh? (1pt) b) Why did his attempts at building a colony
fail? (1 pt)2. a) What did King James I do instead of
spending money on setting up colonies in North America? (1 pt)b) How many colonies were there? (1 pt) c) Where were they located? (1 pt)
The British Colonies in Atlantic Canada
Definitions
New found land – “Newfoundland” was claimed by John Cabot for Britain.
The Beothuk – First Nations peoples that lived in Newfoundland until they were eliminated by British colonists.
Shanawdithit – The last of the Beothuk; she tried to teach the English about Beothuk culture.
Sovereignty – Supreme governing authority.
Extinction of a Nation
What do you know about Newfoundland?
A New Found Land
John Cabot reached the waters off Newfoundland in 1497.
While watching think about the following questions:Who financed John Cabot’s travels?What was his “great discovery” off the coast
Newfoundland? http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10122
A New Found Land
When he returned to England, he reported seeing fish so plentiful they could be caught just by lowering a basket into the water.
A New Found Land
News of the fish spread quickly among the fishing fleets of Europe.
Fish was an important food staple there.
Soon hundreds of ships were fishing in the waters off the coast of this “New Found Land.”
A New Found Land
Although Cabot claimed Newfoundland for Britian, the British weren’t interested in the colony and didn’t want to build settlements there.
Why do you think the British weren’t interested in Newfoundland even though they wanted as much land as possible?
A New Found Land
The climate was too harsh
The soil wasn’t good for farming.
All they wanted was FISH!
A New Found Land
Most fishers stayed on board their ships. They went ashore only to dry the catch. They went home before the winter storms set
in.
A New Found Land
What do you think happened as the fisheries grew?
A New Found Land
What do you think happened as the fisheries grew? Competition grew among the fleets.
They wanted to secure the best harbours for drying stations.
Some of the crew began staying behind in the winter to guard these sites.
A New Found Land
Overtime, the number of British newcomers in Newfoundland began to grow.
King George II, granted the captains permission to build fishing villages on the coast.
As the villages grew, he couldn’t ignore the island any longer.
In 1729, he appointed a governor making Newfoundland grow from a fishing station to a colony.
Canada Today: The Cod Fisheriespg 59
People believed the fish stocks Cabot found would last forever.For hundreds of years, fishers from around the world overfished the cod on the Atlantic coast.
By 1992, almost all the codfish were gone. The Canadian government decided to shut down the fishery.
Canada Today: The Cod Fisheriespg 59
“The biggest layoff in Canadian history”Broadcast Date: July 2, 1992 CBC News
Fisheries Minister John Crosbie has just made the announcement everyone feared. Following six months of rumour and protest, the native Newfoundlander has shut down the fishery. Crosbie's announcement in a St. John's hotel unleashes a wave of fury from fishermen, all of which is caught on camera.
This CBC Television clip looks at that reaction and how the loss of nearly 40,000 jobs will affect the region.
http://archives.cbc.ca/economy_business/natural_resources/topics/1595/
Canada Today: The Cod Fisheriespg 59
It reopened in 1999, but allowed only a limited number of boats to fish for cod.
The stocks however, continued to decline. In 2003, the government shut down the
fishery again. The fishery that first lured Europeans to
North America may never reopen.
Extinction of a Nation
Long before the British came to Newfoundland, the Beothuk had lived on the island.
In the summer they lived along the coast, where they fished and gathered shellfish. In the winter, they moved inland to hunt caribou.
Extinction of a Nation
What problems do you see arising with the arrival of the British?
Extinction of a Nation
What problems do you see arising with the arrival of the British?
The British disrupted their way of life. The British fishing villages cut off the
Beothuk’s access to the sea. They had to compete for the island’s
resources.
Extinction of a Nation
How do you think the Beothuk reacted to the British?
a)The Beothuk tried to avoid the British. b)The Beothuk raided their fishing villages.c)The Beothuk became violent.
Extinction of a Nation
How do you think the Beothuk reacted to the British?
The Beothuk were afraid of the British and tried to avoid them.
Once the fishermen returned to Britain for the winter, the Beothuk would raid their fishing stations and steal their supplies.
When the British returned in the spring, tensions between the two groups turned violent.
Extinction of a Nation
The British used guns to hunt down the Beothuk men, women and children.
They unintentionally brought diseases to the island, which resulted in deaths of many Beothuk.
Extinction of a Nation
By 1828, only one Beothuk remained, a young woman named Shanawdithit.
She lived with an English family in St. John’s during her last years. By this time there were people who were interested in learning about the Beothuk culture.
She tried her best to explain their culture using pictures.
Extinction of a Nation
When she died in 1829 of tuberculosis, the Beothuk went extinct.
In 200 years, an entire culture had been wiped out by violence and disease.
The Beothuk pg 61-62
If British colonists in Newfoundland had been more interested in the fur trade than the fishery, how might the relationship between the British and the Beothuk have been different?
Questions - The British Cross the Atlantic (pg 55-57)
The British Colonies in Atlantic Canada (pg 59-63)
3. a) What resource did John Cabot discover that led to his claiming Newfoundland in 1497? (1 pt) b) What impact has this had on Newfoundland today? (2 pts)
Chapter 3 Task
Atlantic Fisheries News Broadcast
You are a team of News broadcasters from a popular Canadian television station. You have been assigned a news segment titled “The Atlantic Fisheries Then and Now.”
As a team, create an informative news segment comparing the Fisheries in the 15th century and today.
Roles: News Anchors (2) Onsite Correspondent Eye witness(es)
