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Pronunciation
“g” and “c” are soft when followed by an “i” or “e” as in ginger or cent
“g” and “c” are hard like in good or can when followed by an “o” or “a”
Plural Forms
When a term ends in “us” the “us” is dropped and “i” is added to show the plural Staphylococcus……staphylococci- round bacterium that
grows in small clusters Infections of the bones or kidneys are frequently caused by this
bacterium Also causes boils, and skin abscesses
Streptococcus……streptococci- round bacterium that grows in twisted chains
Causes strep throat, rheumatic fever, sinus infections, kidney problems
More hints
When two consonants begin a word (or suffix)…the first one is silentPneumoniablepharoptosis
Hernia o/cele
Bulging forth or protrusion of an structure Muscle, organs, tissuesRectocele- rectum protruding into the vaginaCystocele- bladder protruding into the vaginaOmphalocele- protruding navel occurs at birth
Blood Cells
Erythrocytes- red blood cells carry oxygen to the cellsHemoglobin- iron containing protein that carries
oxygenProduced in the bone marrow
Blood Cells
Leukocytes- white blood cellsGranulocytes- form in the bone marrowThree types
Eosinophil- aid in allergic reactionsBasophil- aid in inflammationNeutrophil- polymorhonuclear, phagocytes cells that
engulf bacteria and break them down
Blood Cells
Leukocytes- white blood cellsAgranulocytes- produced in the lymph nodes
and spleenLymphocytes- T and B cells produce antibodies to
destroy foreign cells and proteins (antigens)Monocytes- engulf and destroy debris leftover after
the neutrophils have attacked cells
Thrombocytes- platelets- blood clotting cells fragments
Other Blood Facts
Antibodies- Produced by white blood cells …responsible for attaching to foreign cells and antigens Developed after exposure to bacteria and viruses and
other antigens Vaccination for a disease Autoimmune developed in response to self
Rh factor- this is a protein found on red blood cells some people have it and some don’t Important in pregnancy and blood transfusions and
transplantation of organs
Blood Disorders
Leukocytosis- increased number of (normal) circulating white blood cells
Leukemia- increased number of abnormal white blood cells circulating- cancerous blood cells
Anemia- means no blood, reduction in red blood cells or hemoglobin circulating Aplastic anemia- no formation of blood cells by the bone
marrow
Circulation Basics
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to arterioles
Arterioles branch into capillaries Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen and
other nutrients to leave and move into surrounding cells
Venules connect to capillaries and pick up waste and dump into veins
Veins carrry blood to the heart
Amniocentesis
Amnion- sac that surrounds the developing fetus
-centesis- puncture to remove fluidThis procedure is done to determine genetic
abnormalities in the developing fetusCells removed during the procedure are
cultured and then studied to determine the karyotype
Genetic Inheritance
Congenital anomalies- defects one is born with some are genetic BUT not all.Environmental exposures can account for many
problemsHealth habits of the parents also contribute
(fetal alcohol syndrome)Genetic contributions to congenital defects are
not always apparent in the parents
Ultrasonography
Use of ultrasound waves to produce an image of body structuresUsed to view developing fetus, heart, and other
structuresUsed to determine if an ectopic pregancy has
occurred (pregnancy outside the uterus)Useful in viewing the fetus to determine if
congenital anomalies exist
Laparoscopy
PeritoneoscopyVisual examination of the abdominal cavityInstrument is called a laparoscopeUsed to do exploratory surgery or remove
appendix, gallbladder, repair hernias, perform tubial ligations and for performing biopsies
Other stuff….
Acromegaly- caused by high levels of growth hormones leads to large hands, feet and face
Splenomegaly- enlarged spleenAchondroplasia- (failure to grow) bones are
abnormally short
Endocrine glands
Parathyroid- located on the dorsal surface of the thyroid glands- regulate blood calcium levels
Ovaries and Testes- produce sex hormones and sex cells
Adrenal Glands- endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys (suprarenal glands) Produce epinephrine (adrenaline) creates changes in
the circulatory system including heart rate and increased blood pressure
Dilates the bronchial tubes
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Know the basic structures and surrounding structures (pubis symphysis, bladder, urethra, etc.)
Transuretheral resection- removal of part of the prostate gland needed if hypertrophies occurs
More other Stuff
Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body
Ipsilaterial- on the same side of the body
Assessment 03.01 Preview
Path/o Peritone/o Lysis Gram Isch/o Laryng/o My Nephr Neutr Oste Ot Mamm/o Malacia Algia Ophthalm/o Megaly Iod Ac,iac Eal
AryIa Mast/o Pneumon Angi/o Chem Chron/o Col Cyst/o Phleb Plas Myel Necr Ren/o Thromb Axill/o Bronch Lapar Muc
Indicate the meaning of each word and whether it is a suffix, root, combining form, or prefix
Assessment 03.02 Preview
Abnormal condition of increase in white blood cells
Weakened eyelid muscles Enlargement of the spleen Excessive growth of the hands, feet, and
face after puberty Reduction in the number of erythrocytes
or amount of hemoglobin Loss of normal blood flow to a region Swelling of the lymphatic tissue in the
throat caused by streptococcal infection Infection caused by streptococcus
bacteria Genetic disorder causing defective
cartilage in the limbs Disease caused by a diplocccus
infection
A needle inserted through the abdomen, uterine and amnion to remove fluid for study
A bulging or protrusion of an organ through a muscle wall
Protrusion of rectum through the muscular wall of the vagina
Hernia of the navel at birth Protrusion of bladder through the
muscular wall of the vagina Mass of blood in the tissue Low number of red blood cells Surgical incision in the tube leading to
the lungs Puncture of the cavity that contains the
lungs Painful breathing
Indicate the name of each condition/procedure and the medical professional that would treat the condition or perform the procedure.
Assessment 03.03 Preview
Erythrocyte Hemoglobin Leukocytes
Granulocytes: Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil
Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes Monocytes
Other Parts: Thrombocytes Plasma
Indicate the function, description, and formation location for the following blood cells and parts.
Assessment 03.04 Preview
1. –algia2. –cele3. –centesis4. –coccus5. –cyte6. –dynia7. –ectomy8. –emia9. –genesis10. –genic11. –gram12. –graph13. –graphy14. –opsy15. –megaly16. – lysis17. –it is18. –oma19. –malacia20. –ology
a. P.T. producing, produced by, or in b. Hernia c. berry shaped, bacterium d. Pain e. surgical puncture f. condition of producing, forming g. blood condition h. Pain i. Cell j. excision, removal, resection k. breakdown, destruction, separation l. tumor, mass, collection of fluid m. to view n. instrument for recording o. Inflammation p. Record q. study of u. Enlargement v. Softening w. Hardening x. drooping, sagging, prolapsed y. process of recording
Match each suffix to its definition.
Assessment 03.05 – Case Study
In a word processing document or Powerpoint, translate the following to layman’s terms, using illustrations where necessary.
21 year old black female with a history of systemic lupus and chronic renal failure presented with decreased hemoglobin and heme positive stools. On nuclear scintigraphy, increased tracer uptake was noted in the region of the stomach throughout 3 hours of the study without distal progression likely secondary to gastritis (NUCIMAGE). The patient was given sulfur colloid 500 uCi orally at 3 hours which confirmed that the abnormal uptake was indeed in the stomach (NUCIMAGE). Gastritis and duodenal ulcers were documented on upper endoscopy.
Assessment 03.06 – Case Study
In a word processing document or Powerpoint, translate the following to layman’s terms, using illustrations where necessary.
Fragile X Syndrome A 27-year-old woman presents to clinic with her 7 year-old-son. He
was born at term weighing 7 pounds and appeared normal. However, as he grew older he was noted to have developmental delay, and was noted to have several "dysmorphic features." He was placed in "special education" classes in school. On physical examination you noted that he had a long face, large ears, lax joints and large testes. His face was somewhat narrow with a prominent jaw. The family history revealed normal parents and a normal developing sister. Routine chromosomal analysis (450 bands) was noted to be normal. Upon review of this data you conclude that this child may have a form of X-linked mental retardation known as the Fragile X syndrome. The fragile X marker was recognized to depend on culture of cells in low folic acid medium prior to karyotype. Subsequently, the fragile site on the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq27) was shown to be expanding triplet repeat mutation (the FMR-1 gene).