CHAPTER-3-SEC.-5-Arts.-1223-1225

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CHAPTER III, SEC. 5 Divisible and Indivisible Obligations (Articles !!"#!!5$

SECTION 5

DIVISIBLE AND INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS

(Arts. 1223-1225)

STUDY GUIDE :(WEEK 5 31 July)

1. Disting%is& bet'een a divisible and an indivisible obligation.

(a) Divisible an obligation t&e restation o) '&ic& is caable o) artialer)or*ance. (E+a*le to deliver 5- ilos o) rice$

(b) Indivisible an obligation t&e restation o) '&ic& is not caable o) artialer)or*ance. (E+a*le to deliver a re)rigerator$

2. /&at are t&e inds o) division0 1e able to disting%is& and give an e+a*le )or

eac& ind.

(a) Qualitative divisionone based on 2%alit3.

(b) Quantitative divisionone based on 2%antit3.

(c) Ideal or intellectual division one '&ic& e+ists onl3 in t&e *inds o) t&earties.

3. /&at are t&e inds o) indivisibilit30

(a) Legal'&en an ob4ect or restation, '&ic& is divisible b3 nat%re, is declaredindivisible b3 seci)ic rovision o) la'. (Art. 1225, par. 3)

(E+a*le T&e obligation to a3 inco*e ta+es on or be)ore Aril 5 ever3 3ear.$

(b) Conventional '&en an ob4ect or restation, '&ic& is divisible b3 nat%re, isdeclared indivisible b3 *%t%al agree*ent o) t&e arties. (Art. 1225, par. 3)

(E+a*le Dro*ised to a3 C&is P--,--- debt on A%g%st , !-5.$

(c) Natural or Absolute'&en an ob4ect or restation, b3 its ver3 nat%re, is notcaable o) division. (Art. 1225, par. 1)

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(E+a*le Dro*ised to deliver &is car to Con A%g%st , !-5.$

TEST TO DETERI!E I!DI"ISI#I$IT%&

ro* t&e above categori6ation, 'e can t&en in)er t&at

(a) /&en t&e restation is indivisible b3 its ver3 nat%re, i.e.,not &3sicall3 s%scetible o)artial er)or*ance, t&e obligation is al'a3s and de)initel3 indivisible. T&e artiescannot agree contrari'ise.

E+a*le D obliged &i*sel) to deliver a 17/ car to C. Since t&e car is not&3sicall3 divisible, even i) Dand Cagree to *ae t&e obligation divisible, t&e sa*e 'o%ldres%lt in an abs%rd sit%ation. I*agine i) D 'o%ld deliver &al) o) t&e car toda3, and t&eot&er &al) a 'ee a)ter.J

(b) Alt&o%g& t&e restation is divisible b3 its nat%re, t&e arties *a3 agree on t&eobligation8s indivisibilit3.

E+a*le Dobliged &i*sel) to deliver -- coies o) n%rser3 r&3*es boos to C. Int&is case, t&e obligation is divisible b3 its ver3 nat%re beca%se D*a3 *ae a staggereddeliver3 o) t&e boos to C,e.g., !5 coies ever3 'ee )or )o%r 'ees. Dand C,&o'ever,can sti%late and agree t&at t&e obligation 'ill beco*e indivisible. T&%s, D *a3 beobliged to deliver t&e entire -- coies at one ti*e onl3 on a artic%lar date agreed %onb3 t&e arties.

READ T'IS CASE I! ITS ORII!A$ TET& Soriano vs. Ubat,G.R. No.

L-11633, January 31, 1961.

4. Arts.!-9 and !!: on ;oint Indivisible Obligations

(a) As revio%sl3 disc%ssed in Section :, in a 4oint indivisible obligation, t&e ob4ect o) t&e

obligation is indivisible,b%t t&e liabilities o) t&e debtors are 4oint. IllustrativeExample: D1and D2are 4ointl3 liable to deliver to C (o'ner o) a la%ndro*at$ a/&irlool Dr3er 'it& serial no. ::

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*ae a de*and onl3 on eit&er D1 or D2 )or t&e deliver3 o) &is roortionate s&are o)t&e obligation t&at is, one#&al) o) t&e dr3er. J

(c) /&at is t&e e))ect o) t&e debtors8 non#co*liance 'it& t&eir 4oint indivisible obligation0P%rs%ant to Art. 122, t&e obligation is converted into a *onetar3 obligation )or

da*ages to be borne b3 t&e 4oint debtors as )ollo's

(-.1) T&e innocent debtor 'ill be liable onl3 )or &is roortionate s&are in t&eobligation.

(-.2.) In addition to &is roortionate s&are in t&e obligation, t&e g%ilt3 debtor is t&eonl3 one liable )or t&e da*ages s%stained b3 t&e creditor.

(d) =et %s al3 t&e r%les in letter (-) to o%r ill%strative e+a*le in letter (a). =et %sass%*e t&at t&e dr3er '&ic& D1 D2 ro*ised 'as sent to t&e /&irlool servicecenter beca%se it needed relace*ent o) *a4or arts to beco*e )%nctional again.T&e reair cost a*o%nted to P-,---.--. D2 'as able to co*e % 'it& &isroortionate art in t&e reair cost a*o%nting to P5,---.--. D1, &o'ever, lost &isP5,---.-- in a coc)ig&t bet. As a res%lt, t&e dr3er co%ld not be delivered to C onDece*ber 5, !-:. 1eca%se o) t&e non#deliver3, C lost a lot o) orders )ro* &isla%ndro*at c%sto*ers costing P>,5--.--. /&at are no' t&e liabilities o) D1and D2to C/

T&e obligation to deliver t&e /&irlool dr3er to Cis converted into a *onetar3

obligation to give P!5,--- to C.

(d.1) D2'ill be liable to C)or t&e a*o%nt o) P!,5--.--, &is roortionate s&are int&e obligation.

(d.2.) D1'ill be liable to C)or t&e a*o%nt o) P!,5--.-- (&is roortionate s&are int&e obligation$, l%s t&e conse2%ential da*ages s%))ered b3 C in t&e a*o%nt o)P>,5--.--, or a total o) P!,---.--.

(e) P%rs%ant to t&e second sentence o) Art. 12*+,s&o%ld D1beco*e insolvent, D2'illnot be liable )or D10s s&are. Hence, in case o) D10s insolvenc3, D2is still obliged toa3 onl3 P!,5--.-- to C.

(f) =et %s ass%*e t&at in t&e receding roble*, instead o) D1and D20s obligation being4oint and indivisible, t&e sa*e is solidar3 and indivisible. /&at 'o%ld be t&e e))ect ont&e debtors8 resective liabilities0

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Ans'er S%c& being t&e case, Ccan de*and t&e /&irlool dr3er, or its rice o)P!5,---.--, l%s t&e P>,5--.-- conse2%ential da*ages )ro* D2 alone. Ho'ever,D2can later on recover rei*b%rse*ent )ro* D1 )or D18s roortionate s&are in t&eobligation a*o%nting to P!,5--.-- l%s t&e P>,5--.-- da*ages a total o)

P!,---.--. /e al3 Art. 1221, par. 2.

5. Obligations t&at are dee*ed indivisible (Art. 1225, par. 1)

(a) Obligations to give de)inite t&ings (e.g.,to give t&is car, or a &o%se$.

(b) Obligations '&ic& are not s%scetible o) artial er)or*ance (e.g., to render a?Tiniling@ dance resentation, or to &ost a birt&da3 art3$.

6. Obligations t&at are dee*ed divisible (Art. 1225, par. 2)

(a) /&en t&e ob4ect o) t&e obligation is t&e e+ec%tion o) a certain n%*ber o) da3s o)'or.

Example: 7s. Dis &ired b3 7r. C to do so*e encoding 4ob )or "- da3s.

(b) /&en t&e ob4ect o) t&e obligation is t&e acco*lis&*ent o) 'or b3 *etrical %nits.

Example: Dis &ired b3 C to constr%ct a ig en " *eters 'ide and " *eters long.

(c) /&en t&e ob4ect o) t&e obligation is t&e acco*lis&*ent o) 'or s%scetible o) artialer)or*ance.

Example:/&en t&e debtor &as obliged &i*sel) to a3 &is P-,---.-- debt in ten (-$e2%al *ont&l3 instal*ents.

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :

1. On ;an%ar3 , !--:, ;%n signed a ro*issor3 note )or P57 in )avor o) S3lvia. Int&e said note, ;%n obliged &i*sel) to a3 S3lvia &is debt in t'o (!$ e2%al install*entsP!.57 to be aid on 7a3 , !--5, and t&e balance o) P!.57 to be aid on Dece*ber ,!--5. S3lvia is given b3 la' a rescritive eriod o) - 3ears to collect on &er credit. I)

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S3lvia )iles an action )or collection against ;%n %nder t&is obligation on ;%l3 !-, !-5, &o'*%c& can S3lvia collect )ro* ;%n0

2. On ebr%ar3 5, !-5,;a3, ;oe, and ;ess ro*ised to deliver to ;ing and ;osie a

17/ car, 'it& late n%*ber A1C#!", 'ort& P7. T'o 'ees be)ore t&e deliver3 dateset in t&eir contract, ;oe drove t&e 17/ car and sla**ed it into a ten#'&eeler tr%c '&ileoverseeding along a baranga3 road in 7anila. 1eca%se o) t&e non#deliver3 o) t&e car,;ing and ;osie s%))ered b%siness loses a*o%nting to P"--,---.--. On *at%rit3 date, i);ing goes to ;ess de*anding er)or*ance %nder t&is obligation, &o' *%c& can ;ess beco*elled to a30

3. In t&e receding roble*, ass%*e t&at t&e ob4ect '&ic& t&e debtors ro*ised todeliver to t&e creditors 'as a !-5 red To3ota =and Cr%iser car 'ort& P7. Ass%*e also

t&at t&e sa*e )act%al circ%*stances revailed. /ill 3o%r ans'er to t&e receding2%estion still be t&e sa*e0

*** END ***

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

The expectations of life depend upon

diligence; the mechanic that would perfect

his work must first sharpen his tools.

It does not matter how slowly you go as

long as you do not stop.

The will to win, the desire to succeed, the

urge to reach your full potentialthese

are the keys that will unlock the door to

personal excellence.

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Confucius

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CHAPTER-3-SEC.-5-Arts.-1223-1225