Chapter 3Chapter 3Romanticism (5)Romanticism (5)

WhitmanWhitmanDickinsonDickinson

ContentsContents Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Walt Whitman (1819-1892) 1.1. Life experience (p88)Life experience (p88)2.2. Thoughts and ideas influencing him:(last Thoughts and ideas influencing him:(last

paragraph on p89)paragraph on p89)3.3. His ideas about poet and poetryHis ideas about poet and poetry4.4. Features of his literary ideas and thoughtFeatures of his literary ideas and thought

s in his poetry(p91)s in his poetry(p91) 5.5. His poetic featuresHis poetic features 6.6. Appreciation of “One’s-Self I Sing”Appreciation of “One’s-Self I Sing”

ContentsContents Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)1.1. Life experience (p96-97)Life experience (p96-97)2.2. Thoughts and ideas reflected in her woThoughts and ideas reflected in her wo

rksrks3.3. Her literary featuresHer literary features 4.4. Understanding and appreciation of Understanding and appreciation of SuSu

ccess is counted sweetest...ccess is counted sweetest... **Differences between Whitman and DicDifferences between Whitman and Dic

kinson in their outlook and their literakinson in their outlook and their literary formsry forms

Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Pictures of Walt WhitmanPictures of Walt Whitman

Life Experience (p88)Life Experience (p88) Thoughts and ideas influencing him:(last paragraph on Thoughts and ideas influencing him:(last paragraph on

p89)p89) His ideas about poet and poetryHis ideas about poet and poetry 1.1. About poet:About poet: He states that the greatest poet breathes into He states that the greatest poet breathes into

the world the grandeur and life of universe. “He is a seethe world the grandeur and life of universe. “He is a seer,” he says, “he is individual… he is complete in himselr,” he says, “he is individual… he is complete in himself.” He sees the poet as taking over what had used to be tf.” He sees the poet as taking over what had used to be the job of a minister, a clergyman, the Church.he job of a minister, a clergyman, the Church.

2.2. About the poetry:About the poetry: Along with Emerson, he agrees that arAlong with Emerson, he agrees that art should be based organically on nature; poetry grows out t should be based organically on nature; poetry grows out of nature. “The rhyme and uniformity of perfect poems of nature. “The rhyme and uniformity of perfect poems shoe the free growth of metrical laws, and bud from them shoe the free growth of metrical laws, and bud from them as unerringly and loosely as lilacs or roses on a bush, and as unerringly and loosely as lilacs or roses on a bush, and take shapes as compact as the shapes of chestnuts and ortake shapes as compact as the shapes of chestnuts and oranges, and melons and pears, and shed the perfume impaanges, and melons and pears, and shed the perfume impalpable to form.”lpable to form.”

Features of his literary ideas aFeatures of his literary ideas and thoughts in his poetry(p91)nd thoughts in his poetry(p91)

The Transcendental ideas pervade all Whitman’The Transcendental ideas pervade all Whitman’s poems.s poems. general mysticism and anti-rationalism, pgeneral mysticism and anti-rationalism, pantheism, and the theory of “the Great Chain of Beantheism, and the theory of “the Great Chain of Being” are among the most important.ing” are among the most important.

Whitman embraces idealism.Whitman embraces idealism. He relies on insight He relies on insight and intuition.and intuition.

Unity, unreality of time and space, evil as only an Unity, unreality of time and space, evil as only an appearance emerging into good.appearance emerging into good.

He extols the ideals of equality and democracy anHe extols the ideals of equality and democracy and celebrates the dignity, the self-reliance spirit, ad celebrates the dignity, the self-reliance spirit, and the joy of the common man.nd the joy of the common man.

He praises the expansion of America.He praises the expansion of America. However, in However, in later years, he sees the failure of democracy and the later years, he sees the failure of democracy and the social and moral corruption in America. He still thisocial and moral corruption in America. He still think these curable by self-reform of the individual. nk these curable by self-reform of the individual.

His poetic featuresHis poetic features His His Leaves of Grass Leaves of Grass contains over four hundred poecontains over four hundred poe

ms, in which lines gave free rein to his imagination ims, in which lines gave free rein to his imagination in his life-long attempt to celebrate life in the new won his life-long attempt to celebrate life in the new world. He broke the poetic conventions:rld. He broke the poetic conventions:

1.1. One of the principles of his technique is parallelism One of the principles of his technique is parallelism or a rhythm of thought in which the line is the rhythor a rhythm of thought in which the line is the rhythmical unit.mical unit.

2.2. Another principle of his versification is phonetic recAnother principle of his versification is phonetic recurrence, that is, the systematic repetition of words aurrence, that is, the systematic repetition of words and phrases at the beginning of the line, in the middlnd phrases at the beginning of the line, in the middle or at the end. e or at the end. The above two principles cooThe above two principles coordinate with and reinforce each other.rdinate with and reinforce each other.

3.3. He broke free the traditional iambic pentameter and He broke free the traditional iambic pentameter and wrote “free verse”.wrote “free verse”.

4.4. His poetry is also sexual. The language isHis poetry is also sexual. The language is exotic and exotic and vulgar.vulgar.

Appreciation of “One’s-Self I Appreciation of “One’s-Self I SingSing” ”

Understanding the poemUnderstanding the poem Although the poet sings of the self as Although the poet sings of the self as

“a simple separate person,” he also s“a simple separate person,” he also sees it as part of “the word ees it as part of “the word DemocratiDemocraticc,” which ,” which represents the mass of peoprepresents the mass of peoplele. He sings of “the Form complete,” . He sings of “the Form complete,” the female as well as the male, of “Lifthe female as well as the male, of “Life immense in passion, pulse, and powee immense in passion, pulse, and power,” and the “Modern Man.”r,” and the “Modern Man.”

This small (nine-line) poem is really This small (nine-line) poem is really a preface toa preface to all the others in all the others in Leaves of GrassLeaves of Grass. Whitman says h. Whitman says he will sing of all physiology (the branch of biologe will sing of all physiology (the branch of biology dealing with the functions and processes of liviy dealing with the functions and processes of living organisms), for neither the physiognomy (outng organisms), for neither the physiognomy (outward appearance) nor the brain is worthy of beiward appearance) nor the brain is worthy of being celebrated independently. He lists the subjectng celebrated independently. He lists the subjects and themes he will deal with: “One’s-self” s and themes he will deal with: “One’s-self” (the unit of self or individuality), “physiology ... (the unit of self or individuality), “physiology ... the Form complete” (the kinship of the body anthe Form complete” (the kinship of the body and the spirit which he will emphasize throughout d the spirit which he will emphasize throughout LeavesLeaves), and “Life”—in short, the “Modern M), and “Life”—in short, the “Modern Man,” who, according to Whitman, is conscious oan,” who, according to Whitman, is conscious of “self” but at the same time is aware of being f “self” but at the same time is aware of being part of the large mass of democracy.part of the large mass of democracy.

Critical Analysis of ThemesCritical Analysis of Themes ( Whitman’s major concerns in this poem)( Whitman’s major concerns in this poem) First,First, Whitman’s major concern was to explWhitman’s major concern was to expl

ore, discuss, and celebrateore, discuss, and celebrate his own self his own self, his i, his individuality and his personality.ndividuality and his personality.

Second,Second, he wanted to eulogize he wanted to eulogize democracy ademocracy and the American nation with its achievemend the American nation with its achievements and potentialnts and potential..

Third,Third, he wanted to give poetical expression t he wanted to give poetical expression to his thoughts o his thoughts on life’s great, enduring myon life’s great, enduring mysteries—birth, death, rebirth or resurrectiosteries—birth, death, rebirth or resurrection, and reincarnation.n, and reincarnation.

The SelfThe Self To Whitman, To Whitman, the complete self is both physical and spthe complete self is both physical and sp

iritual. The self is man’s individual identity, his distiritual. The self is man’s individual identity, his distinct quality and being, which is different from the selinct quality and being, which is different from the selves of other men, although it can identify with them. ves of other men, although it can identify with them. The self is a portion of the one Divine Soul.The self is a portion of the one Divine Soul. Whitma Whitman’s critics have sometimes confused the concept of seln’s critics have sometimes confused the concept of self with egotism, but this is not valid. Whitman is constanf with egotism, but this is not valid. Whitman is constantly talking about “I,” but the “I” is universal, a part tly talking about “I,” but the “I” is universal, a part of the Divine, and therefore not egotistic.of the Divine, and therefore not egotistic.

The Body and the SoulThe Body and the Soul Whitman is a poet of these elements, the body and the sWhitman is a poet of these elements, the body and the s

oul in man. He thought that we could comprehend the soul in man. He thought that we could comprehend the soul only through the medium of the body. To Whitman, oul only through the medium of the body. To Whitman, all matter is as divine as the soul; since the body is as saall matter is as divine as the soul; since the body is as sacred and as spiritual as the soul, when he sings of the bcred and as spiritual as the soul, when he sings of the body or its performances, he is singing a spiritual chant.ody or its performances, he is singing a spiritual chant.

PersonalismPersonalism Whitman used the term “personalism” to indicate thWhitman used the term “personalism” to indicate th

e fusion of the individual with the community in an idee fusion of the individual with the community in an ideal democracy. He believed that every man at the time oal democracy. He believed that every man at the time of his birth receives an identity, and this identity is his f his birth receives an identity, and this identity is his “soul.” The soul, finding its abode in man, is individ“soul.” The soul, finding its abode in man, is individualized, and man begins to develop his personality. Thualized, and man begins to develop his personality. The main idea of personalism is that the person is the be-e main idea of personalism is that the person is the be-all of all things; it is the source of consciousness and thall of all things; it is the source of consciousness and the senses. One is because God is; therefore, man and Goe senses. One is because God is; therefore, man and God are one—one personality. Man’s personality craves id are one—one personality. Man’s personality craves immortality because it desires to follow the personality mmortality because it desires to follow the personality of God.of God. This idea is in accord with Whitman’s notioThis idea is in accord with Whitman’s notion of the self.n of the self. Man should first become himself, which i Man should first become himself, which is also the way of coming closer to God. Man should cos also the way of coming closer to God. Man should comprehend the divine soul within him and realize his idmprehend the divine soul within him and realize his identity and the true relationship between himself and Gentity and the true relationship between himself and God. This is the doctrine of personalism.od. This is the doctrine of personalism.

DemocracyDemocracy Whitman had a deep faith in democracy because Whitman had a deep faith in democracy because

this political form of government respects the inthis political form of government respects the individual. He thought that the genius of the Unitedividual. He thought that the genius of the United States is best expressed in the common people, d States is best expressed in the common people, not in its executive branch or legislature, or in itnot in its executive branch or legislature, or in its churches or law courts. He believed that it is ths churches or law courts. He believed that it is the common folk who have a deathless attachment e common folk who have a deathless attachment to freedom. His attitudes can be traced to the Ento freedom. His attitudes can be traced to the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century because hlightenment of the eighteenth century because he thought that the source of evil lay in oppressive e thought that the source of evil lay in oppressive social institutions rather than in human nature. social institutions rather than in human nature. The function of literature is to break away from tThe function of literature is to break away from the feudal past of man and artistically to urge the he feudal past of man and artistically to urge the democratic present. democratic present.

Princes and nobles hold no charm for Whitman;Princes and nobles hold no charm for Whitman; he sings of the average, common man. He follo he sings of the average, common man. He follows Emerson in applauding the doctrine of the ws Emerson in applauding the doctrine of the “divine average” and of the greatness of the c“divine average” and of the greatness of the commonplace. A leaf of grass, to Whitman, is as ommonplace. A leaf of grass, to Whitman, is as important as the heavenly motion of the stars. important as the heavenly motion of the stars. Whitman loves America, its panoramic scenery Whitman loves America, its panoramic scenery and its processional view of diverse, democraticand its processional view of diverse, democratically inclined people. He loved, and reveled in, tally inclined people. He loved, and reveled in, the United States as a physical entity, but he also he United States as a physical entity, but he also visualized it as a New World of the spirit. Whitvisualized it as a New World of the spirit. Whitman is a singer of the self as well as a trumpeter man is a singer of the self as well as a trumpeter of democracy because he believes that only in a of democracy because he believes that only in a free society can individuals attain self-hood.free society can individuals attain self-hood.

Whitman emphasized individual virtue, which hWhitman emphasized individual virtue, which he believed would give rise to civic virtue. He aime believed would give rise to civic virtue. He aimed at improving the masses by first improving thed at improving the masses by first improving the individual, thus becoming a true spiritual deme individual, thus becoming a true spiritual democrat. His idea of social and political democracyocrat. His idea of social and political democracy—that all men are equal before the law and have —that all men are equal before the law and have equal rights—is harmonized with his concept of equal rights—is harmonized with his concept of spiritual democracy—that people have immense spiritual democracy—that people have immense possibilities and a measureless wealth of latent ppossibilities and a measureless wealth of latent power for spiritual attainment. In fact, he bore wiower for spiritual attainment. In fact, he bore with the failings of political democracy primarily bth the failings of political democracy primarily because he had faith in spiritual democracy, in crecause he had faith in spiritual democracy, in creating and cultivating individuals who, through ceating and cultivating individuals who, through comradeship, would contribute to the ideal societomradeship, would contribute to the ideal society. This view of man and society is part of Whitmy. This view of man and society is part of Whitman’s poetic program.an’s poetic program.

More information about WhitMore information about Whitmanman

Whitman shares the Romantic poet’s relationship wWhitman shares the Romantic poet’s relationship with nature. To him, as to Emerson, nature is divine anith nature. To him, as to Emerson, nature is divine and an emblem of God. The universe is not dead matter,d an emblem of God. The universe is not dead matter, but full of life and meaning. He loves the earth, the f but full of life and meaning. He loves the earth, the flora and fauna of the earth, the moon and stars, the slora and fauna of the earth, the moon and stars, the sea, and all other elements of nature. He believes that ea, and all other elements of nature. He believes that man is nature’s child and that man and nature must man is nature’s child and that man and nature must never be disjoined.)never be disjoined.)

Whitman’s concept of the ideal poet is, in a way, relWhitman’s concept of the ideal poet is, in a way, related to his ideas on time. He conceives of the poet as ated to his ideas on time. He conceives of the poet as a time-binder, one who realizes that the past, present,a time-binder, one who realizes that the past, present, and future are “not disjoined, but joined,” that the and future are “not disjoined, but joined,” that they are all stages in a continuous flow and cannot be coy are all stages in a continuous flow and cannot be considered as separate and distinct. These modem ideansidered as separate and distinct. These modem ideas of time have given rise to new techniques of literary s of time have given rise to new techniques of literary expression—for example, the stream-of-consciousneexpression—for example, the stream-of-consciousness viewpoint.)ss viewpoint.)

Whitman believed that the cosmos, or the universWhitman believed that the cosmos, or the universe, does not consist merely of lifeless matter; it has e, does not consist merely of lifeless matter; it has awareness. It is full of life and filled with the spiriawareness. It is full of life and filled with the spirit of God. The cosmos is God and God is the cosmot of God. The cosmos is God and God is the cosmos; death and decay are unreal. This cosmic conscis; death and decay are unreal. This cosmic consciousness is, indeed, one aspect of Whitman’s myousness is, indeed, one aspect of Whitman’s mysticism.sticism.

Mysticism is an experience that has a spiritual meMysticism is an experience that has a spiritual meaning which is not apparent to the senses nor to taning which is not apparent to the senses nor to the intellect. Thus mysticism, an insight into the rhe intellect. Thus mysticism, an insight into the real nature of man, God, and the universe, is attaineal nature of man, God, and the universe, is attained through one’s intuition. The mystic believes ied through one’s intuition. The mystic believes in the unity of God and man, man and nature, God n the unity of God and man, man and nature, God and the universe. To a mystic, time and space are and the universe. To a mystic, time and space are unreal, since both can be overcome by man by spiunreal, since both can be overcome by man by spiritual conquest. Evil, too, is unreal, since God is pritual conquest. Evil, too, is unreal, since God is present everywhere. resent everywhere.

Man communicates with his soul in a mysticaMan communicates with his soul in a mystical experience, and Whitman amply expresses hl experience, and Whitman amply expresses his responses to the soul in Leaves of Grass, esis responses to the soul in Leaves of Grass, especially in “Song of Myself.” He also exprespecially in “Song of Myself.” He also expresses his mystical experience of his body or perses his mystical experience of his body or personality being permeated by the supernatural.sonality being permeated by the supernatural. Whitman’s poetry is his artistic expression Whitman’s poetry is his artistic expression of various aspects of his mystical experience.of various aspects of his mystical experience.

Whitman deals with death as a fact of life. DeWhitman deals with death as a fact of life. Death in life is a fact, but life in death is a truth fath in life is a fact, but life in death is a truth for Whitman; he is thus a poet of matter and oor Whitman; he is thus a poet of matter and of spirit.) It implied that the true reality is the sf spirit.) It implied that the true reality is the spirit and that it lies beyond the reach or realm pirit and that it lies beyond the reach or realm of the senses. The area of sensory perceptions of the senses. The area of sensory perceptions must be transcended to reach the spiritual reamust be transcended to reach the spiritual reality.This is transcendentalism. lity.This is transcendentalism.

Emily Dickinson (1830-188Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)6)

PicturesPictures

Life experience: (p96-97)Life experience: (p96-97) Thoughts and ideas reflected in her worksThoughts and ideas reflected in her works1. Dickinson’s poetry is a clear illustration of her re1. Dickinson’s poetry is a clear illustration of her re

ligious-ethical and political-social ideas.ligious-ethical and political-social ideas.1.1 1.1 Calvinism with its doctrine of predestination and itCalvinism with its doctrine of predestination and it

s pessimism pressed her during her childhood and as pessimism pressed her during her childhood and adolescence and colored her work.dolescence and colored her work.

1.2 1.2 On the ethical level, Dickinson emphasizes free will On the ethical level, Dickinson emphasizes free will and human responsibility.and human responsibility.

1.3 1.3 Realizing that poetic interpretation of life conflicteRealizing that poetic interpretation of life conflicted with religious dogma, she affirms personality.d with religious dogma, she affirms personality.

2. Nature is portrayed as both gaily benevolent and c2. Nature is portrayed as both gaily benevolent and cruel in her poetry. The power and majesty of naturruel in her poetry. The power and majesty of nature and the cold indifference of nature are both revee and the cold indifference of nature are both revealed.aled.

3. She holds that beauty, truth, and goodness are ulti3. She holds that beauty, truth, and goodness are ultimately onemately one

Her literary featuresHer literary features Her choice of words, her verbal constructions Her choice of words, her verbal constructions

and even her spellings break the conventions.and even her spellings break the conventions. Her poetry abounds in telling images that are Her poetry abounds in telling images that are

erotic and self-evident.erotic and self-evident. Her poetic idioms are noted for her laconic brHer poetic idioms are noted for her laconic br

evity, directness, and plainest words.evity, directness, and plainest words. Her expressions are severely economic.Her expressions are severely economic. The tone is sometimes tragic.The tone is sometimes tragic. Her poetry concerns mainly the themes of deHer poetry concerns mainly the themes of de

ath and immortality.ath and immortality.

Understanding and appreciatioUnderstanding and appreciation of n of Success is counted sweetesSuccess is counted sweetes

tt SynopsisSynopsis The speaker says that "those who ne'er succeThe speaker says that "those who ne'er succe

ed" place the highest value on success. (Theyed" place the highest value on success. (They "count" it "sweetest".) To understand the valu "count" it "sweetest".) To understand the value of a nectar, the speaker says, one must feele of a nectar, the speaker says, one must feel "sorest need." She says that the members of t "sorest need." She says that the members of the victorious army ("the purple Host / Who the victorious army ("the purple Host / Who took the flag today") are not able to define victook the flag today") are not able to define victory as well as the defeated, dying man who hory as well as the defeated, dying man who hears from a distance the music of the victors. ears from a distance the music of the victors.

Metrical patternMetrical pattern

The three stanzas of this poem take the form oThe three stanzas of this poem take the form of iambic trimeter--with the exception of the firf iambic trimeter--with the exception of the first two lines of the second stanzast two lines of the second stanza,, which add a fwhich add a fourth stress at the end of the line.ourth stress at the end of the line. (Virtually all o (Virtually all of Dickinson's poems are written in an iambic mef Dickinson's poems are written in an iambic meter that fluctuates fluidly between three and fouter that fluctuates fluidly between three and four stresses.) As in most of Dickinson's poems, r stresses.) As in most of Dickinson's poems, the the stanzas here rhyme according tostanzas here rhyme according to an ABCB sche an ABCB scheme,me, so that so that the second and fourth lines the second and fourth lines in each in each stanza constitute the stanza's only rhyme.stanza constitute the stanza's only rhyme.

Appreciation ( analysis of the fAppreciation ( analysis of the form of homilies employed in iorm of homilies employed in i

t)t) Many of Emily Dickinson's most famous lyrics Many of Emily Dickinson's most famous lyrics

**take the form of homilies, or short moral satake the form of homilies, or short moral sayings,yings, which appear quite simple but that actu which appear quite simple but that actually ally describe complicated moral and psycholdescribe complicated moral and psychological truths.ogical truths.

"Success is counted sweetest""Success is counted sweetest" is such a poem; is such a poem; iitsts first two lines express its homiletic point first two lines express its homiletic point,, that "Success is counted sweetest / By those whthat "Success is counted sweetest / By those who ne'er succeed" (or, more generally, that peoplo ne'er succeed" (or, more generally, that people tend to desire things more acutely when they e tend to desire things more acutely when they do not have them). do not have them).

The subsequent lines then develop that axiomatThe subsequent lines then develop that axiomatic truth by offering a pair of images that exemplic truth by offering a pair of images that exemplify it:ify it: the nectar--a symbol of triumph, luxury, "su the nectar--a symbol of triumph, luxury, "success"--can best be comprehended by someone wccess"--can best be comprehended by someone who "needs" it; the defeated, dying man understandho "needs" it; the defeated, dying man understands victory more clearly than the victorious army dos victory more clearly than the victorious army does. es.

The poem* The poem* exhibits Dickinson's keen awareness exhibits Dickinson's keen awareness of the complicated truths of human desireof the complicated truths of human desire (in a (in a later poem on a similar theme, she wrote that "Hulater poem on a similar theme, she wrote that "Hunger--was a way / Of Persons outside Windows-- / nger--was a way / Of Persons outside Windows-- / The Entering--takes away--"), and it shows the begThe Entering--takes away--"), and it shows the beginnings of her terse, compacted style, whereby coinnings of her terse, compacted style, whereby complicated meanings are compressed into extrememplicated meanings are compressed into extremely short phrases (e.g., "On whose forbidden ear").ly short phrases (e.g., "On whose forbidden ear").

Simple AnalysisSimple Analysis Victory/Success& DefeatVictory/Success& Defeat In a sense, Dickinson's poem must be about the realizatIn a sense, Dickinson's poem must be about the realizat

ion of true victory in the midst of defeat.ion of true victory in the midst of defeat. For how can one truly understand happiness without thFor how can one truly understand happiness without th

e accompaniment of sadness? Or love without hate?e accompaniment of sadness? Or love without hate? In the beginning of her poem, she talks about how succIn the beginning of her poem, she talks about how succ

ess cannot be realized without at first knowing the despess cannot be realized without at first knowing the desperation that comes along with losing. This supports the eration that comes along with losing. This supports the rest of the argument in her poem.rest of the argument in her poem.

And as most people should know, And as most people should know, the color purple has the color purple has always been affiliated with royalty.always been affiliated with royalty. Isn't it possible tha Isn't it possible that this poem ist this poem is about a soldier fighting for his kingdomabout a soldier fighting for his kingdom/country/country? In this case, it is a soldier realizing success (t? In this case, it is a soldier realizing success (think: line one) by the agonizing price of losing his life. hink: line one) by the agonizing price of losing his life. Perhaps this poem does have a bitter tone to it, but it haPerhaps this poem does have a bitter tone to it, but it has more of a sadness and a truth being brought into the ps more of a sadness and a truth being brought into the picture, as well. And that is the beauty of this poem.icture, as well. And that is the beauty of this poem.

Differences between Whitman and DicDifferences between Whitman and Dickinson in their outlook and their literakinson in their outlook and their litera

ry formsry forms In outlook:In outlook: Whitman seems to keep hiWhitman seems to keep hi

s eyes on society at large; Dickinson exs eyes on society at large; Dickinson explores inner life of the individual. Wheplores inner life of the individual. Whereas Whitman is “national” in his oureas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.tlook, Dickinson is “regional”.

In Literary terms:In Literary terms: Whitman’s poems Whitman’s poems are full of endless, all-inclusive catalogare full of endless, all-inclusive catalogs, while Dickinson’s full of concise, dis, while Dickinson’s full of concise, direct, and simple diction and syntax.rect, and simple diction and syntax.

AssignmentsAssignments Tell the differences between Whitman and Dickinson iTell the differences between Whitman and Dickinson i

n their outlook and their literary forms.n their outlook and their literary forms. Tell the poetic features of Walt Whitman and those of ETell the poetic features of Walt Whitman and those of E

mily Dickinson.mily Dickinson. In Walt Whitman’s In Walt Whitman’s One’s Self I SingOne’s Self I Sing, What is “Sel, What is “Sel

f” meant? What is the difference between “physiologf” meant? What is the difference between “physiology” and “physiognomy”? What does “Form Complety” and “physiognomy”? What does “Form Complete” mean, and what “the Modern Man” do?e” mean, and what “the Modern Man” do?

List the themes in Walt Whitman’s List the themes in Walt Whitman’s One’s Self I SingOne’s Self I Sing.. What is mainly concernd by Whitman in What is mainly concernd by Whitman in One’s Self I SOne’s Self I S

ing?ing? To analyze briefly the form of homily used in To analyze briefly the form of homily used in Success is Success is

counted sweetestcounted sweetest by Emily Dickinson. by Emily Dickinson. In In Success is counted sweetestSuccess is counted sweetest by Emily Dickinson, wh by Emily Dickinson, wh

at is the color “purple” associated with? Then what dat is the color “purple” associated with? Then what does “purple host” indicate?oes “purple host” indicate?

Who is “he” in the last stanza of Who is “he” in the last stanza of Success is counted sSuccess is counted sweetestweetest..